Nationalism: Nationalism is a strong sense of pride and loyalty towards one's own nation or ethnic group. It often fuels resistance movements against foreign domination.
Pan-Africanism: Pan-Africanism is a movement that advocates for solidarity among people of African descent worldwide. It promotes unity, independence, and self-determination in order to resist colonial rule.
Independence movements: Independence movements are political campaigns seeking autonomy, self-governance, or complete independence from external control. In Africa, these movements emerged as responses to European imperialism and colonization.