Nationalism: Nationalism is an ideology centered around strong loyalty towards one's nation or ethnic group. During this period, nationalism played a pivotal role in revolutionary movements as people sought independence from colonial powers.
Socialism: Socialism advocates for collective ownership and control of resources, industries, and the means of production. It emerged as a response to the social inequalities and harsh working conditions brought about by industrialization.
Marxism: Marxism is a revolutionary ideology developed by Karl Marx that focuses on class struggle and the eventual overthrow of capitalism. It influenced numerous revolutionary movements during this time, emphasizing worker empowerment and a more egalitarian society.