Confucian Five Relationships: A concept from Confucianism that outlines the five essential relationships (ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, older brother-younger brother, friend-friend) which serve as a foundation for social order and harmony.
Mandate of Heaven: An ancient Chinese belief that the ruler's right to govern is granted by divine approval. It was believed that an emperor would lose this mandate if they failed to rule effectively or maintain social harmony.
Legalism: A political philosophy during ancient China that advocated strict laws enforced by rewards for obedience and harsh punishments for disobedience. It aimed to maintain social control through centralized power rather than emphasizing moral values.