The spread of Islam refers to how Islam expanded from its birthplace in Arabia across Asia, Africa and Europe through trade routes, conquests and missionary activities from 7th century onwards.
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Caliphate: An Islamic state under leadership of an Islamic steward known as caliph who is considered political-religious successor to Prophet Muhammad. It’s like electing someone president because they share the same values and goals as a beloved, departed leader.
Jihad: An Islamic term referring to the religious duty of Muslims to maintain the religion. It's like a school spirit week where everyone is encouraged to participate and show their pride in their school (religion).
Sunni and Shia Islam: These are two major denominations of Islam with differing beliefs regarding leadership after Prophet Muhammad’s death. They're like two different houses in Hogwarts - Gryffindor and Slytherin, both part of the same school but with different characteristics.