Trade Networks: These were interconnected systems that facilitated the exchange of goods and ideas between different regions. Trade networks played a crucial role in the growth of urban centers by increasing economic activity and promoting cultural diffusion.
Agricultural Surplus: This term refers to the excess production of food beyond what is needed for subsistence. The availability of agricultural surplus allowed for larger populations to be sustained in urban centers since there was enough food to support them.
Specialization: Specialization refers to individuals or groups focusing on a specific craft or occupation rather than engaging in multiple tasks. As urban centers grew, specialization became more prevalent with people specializing in various trades or professions such as blacksmiths, weavers, or merchants.