Native Americans: Native American tribes faced numerous challenges during westward expansion, including forced removal from their lands, loss of cultural traditions and language, and conflicts with settlers.
Pioneers/Settlers: Pioneers and settlers encountered various challenges such as harsh weather conditions, disease outbreaks, scarcity of resources (such as food and water), and conflicts with Native American tribes.
Government Policies: Government policies like the Homestead Act and Indian Removal Act posed specific challenges for both Native Americans and pioneers/settlers. These policies often led to displacement, conflicts over land ownership, and changes in social dynamics.