Poll Taxes: These were fees required to be paid in order to vote. Southern states used poll taxes as a way to discourage African Americans from voting because they often couldn't afford to pay them.
Literacy Tests: These were tests given to voters to assess their reading and writing abilities. Southern states used literacy tests as a way to prevent African Americans from voting by making the tests extremely difficult or subjectively graded.
Grandfather Clause: This clause exempted individuals from literacy tests and other voting restrictions if their ancestors had been eligible voters before 1867. Southern states used this clause as a way to allow white citizens who may have failed literacy tests or couldn't afford poll taxes to still vote while excluding African Americans whose ancestors were enslaved during that time period.