Partition: Partition is the act of dividing a territory or country into separate political entities, usually due to irreconcilable differences between various groups.
Balkanization: Balkanization refers to the process in which a large multinational state breaks up into smaller states or regions that are defined by ethnic, religious, or cultural divisions.
Secession: Secession is the formal withdrawal of one part of a country from the larger nation due to disagreements over political or ideological issues.