Factory system: The factory system refers to a method of production where goods are manufactured on a large scale using machinery and division of labor. This system was prevalent in northern cities during industrialization.
Urbanization: Urbanization is the process by which an increasing number of people move from rural areas to urban areas, leading to the growth and expansion of cities. Northern cities witnessed significant urbanization during this period.
Immigration: Immigration refers to the act of individuals moving from one country or region to another for various reasons such as better economic opportunities. Northern cities attracted a large number of immigrants seeking employment in industries during this time.