Jim Crow Laws: These were state and local laws in the United States that enforced racial segregation and discriminated against African Americans.
Civil Rights Movement: This was a social movement in the 1950s and 1960s aimed at securing equal rights for African Americans through nonviolent protests, demonstrations, and legal actions.
Affirmative Action: Refers to policies that aim to increase representation of historically disadvantaged groups, including racial minorities, by providing them with preferential treatment in areas such as education or employment.