Black Nationalism: Black Nationalism is a political and social movement that advocates for the self-determination, empowerment, and unity of black people. It emphasizes building strong black communities and institutions to combat racism.
Marcus Garvey: Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican-born leader who promoted black pride, economic independence, and racial solidarity. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and advocated for repatriation of African Americans to Africa.
Nation of Islam: The Nation of Islam is a religious movement that promotes black nationalism. It emphasizes self-reliance, moral reform, and economic empowerment within black communities. Prominent leaders include Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X.