Bessemer Process: The Bessemer process was a revolutionary method developed by Henry Bessemer that involved blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities and produce large quantities of high-quality steel.
Open-Hearth Process: The open-hearth process was another important method for producing steel. It involved heating a mixture of pig iron, scrap metal, and other materials in a furnace called an open hearth until it reached the desired consistency.
Mass Production: Mass production refers to the manufacturing technique of producing goods on a large scale using standardized processes and machinery. In the context of steel production, mass production enabled Andrew Carnegie's company to significantly increase its output and lower costs.