Suburbanization: Suburbanization is the process of people moving from cities to surrounding suburban areas. It often leads to the growth of suburbs while the central city may experience a decline in population.
Industrialization: Industrialization refers to the transformation of an economy or society from primarily agricultural-based production to one based on manufacturing industries. It played a significant role in fueling urban growth during the late nineteenth century.
Infrastructure: Infrastructure includes essential systems like roads, bridges, water supply networks, and public transportation that support urban growth by facilitating movement and connectivity within cities.