Jim Crow laws: Racial segregation laws enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced discrimination against Black Americans in public facilities, education, housing, and voting.
Brown v. Board of Education: Landmark Supreme Court case in 1954 that declared racially segregated public schools unconstitutional, challenging the "separate but equal" doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson.
Civil Rights Act of 1964: Comprehensive legislation prohibiting racial discrimination in employment practices and public accommodations while guaranteeing voting rights protection for African Americans.