Central nervous system

Definition

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. It serves as the main control center for processing information and coordinating activities throughout the body, playing a crucial role in behavior, perception, and movement.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The CNS is responsible for integrating sensory information and coordinating motor responses.
2. The brain is divided into several regions, each with specific functions, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
3. The spinal cord acts as a major conduit for signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. The CNS is protected by the skull and vertebral column, along with three layers of membranes called meninges.
5. Neurotransmitters are essential for communication between neurons in the CNS, influencing mood, cognition, and motor control.

Review Questions

• How does the central nervous system interact with the peripheral nervous system to coordinate body functions?
  • The central nervous system interacts with the peripheral nervous system by sending and receiving signals through a network of neurons. The CNS processes sensory information collected by peripheral nerves and then formulates appropriate responses. This communication allows for coordinated movements, reflex actions, and overall regulation of bodily functions, creating a seamless connection between the brain, spinal cord, and body.
• What are the main functions of different regions of the brain within the central nervous system?
  • Different regions of the brain have distinct functions that contribute to overall CNS operation. The cerebrum is involved in higher cognitive functions such as thinking and decision-making. The cerebellum plays a key role in balance and coordination of movement, while the brainstem regulates essential life functions like breathing and heart rate. Together, these regions work in harmony to manage both voluntary and involuntary actions.
• Evaluate the impact of injuries to the central nervous system on human behavior and physiology.
  • Injuries to the central nervous system can lead to significant changes in both behavior and physiology. Damage to specific areas can result in loss of motor function, sensory perception, or cognitive abilities depending on which region is affected. For example, spinal cord injuries can cause paralysis, while traumatic brain injuries might lead to personality changes or memory loss. The long-term effects often necessitate rehabilitation efforts aimed at restoring function and adapting to new challenges, highlighting the critical role of CNS integrity in maintaining human health.

Related terms

Peripheral Nervous System: The part of the nervous system that includes all the nerves outside the central nervous system, connecting it to limbs and organs.

Neuron: A specialized cell in the nervous system that transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.

Reflex Arc: The neural pathway that controls a reflex action, involving sensory neurons, interneurons in the spinal cord, and motor neurons.