Panic of 1873

Definition

The Panic of 1873 was a severe economic depression that began in the United States following the collapse of the banking firm Jay Cooke & Company, which led to a series of bank failures and a sharp decline in stock prices. This financial crisis is often linked to over-speculation in railroads and the subsequent downturn in the economy, leading to widespread unemployment and significant labor unrest. The repercussions of this panic played a crucial role in shaping labor movements and strikes during this period as workers reacted to the harsh economic realities.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Panic of 1873 led to a major economic depression that lasted for several years, significantly affecting both urban and rural workers across the United States.
2. As businesses failed and unemployment soared, many workers faced severe hardships, prompting them to organize and demand better conditions, wages, and rights.
3. The economic instability created by the Panic intensified class tensions between laborers and business owners, contributing to widespread labor strikes throughout the 1870s.
4. During this period, the labor movement gained momentum as various groups sought to improve their working conditions and push for reforms such as the eight-hour workday.
5. The federal government's response to labor unrest during this time often favored businesses over workers, leading to violent confrontations between strikers and law enforcement.

Review Questions

• How did the Panic of 1873 influence the formation and actions of labor unions during this period?
  • The Panic of 1873 acted as a catalyst for the growth of labor unions as workers sought collective action in response to layoffs, wage cuts, and deteriorating working conditions. The crisis highlighted the vulnerabilities faced by workers in an unstable economy, prompting many to join or form unions to advocate for better rights. As a result, labor unions became more organized and vocal, leading to increased strikes and protests across various industries as they demanded fair treatment.
• Discuss how the economic challenges following the Panic of 1873 contributed to significant strikes like the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.
  • The economic challenges after the Panic of 1873 created an environment ripe for discontent among workers. As companies struggled financially, they responded by cutting wages, which ignited widespread anger among railroad workers who were already facing harsh conditions. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 emerged as a direct response to these wage cuts, showcasing how deeply interconnected economic downturns can fuel labor unrest and mobilize workers across different regions.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of the Panic of 1873 on American society and its labor movements in subsequent decades.
  • The Panic of 1873 had lasting effects on American society and labor movements well into the following decades. The economic hardships faced by workers led to increased political awareness and organization among laborers, laying the groundwork for future labor reforms and rights movements. Additionally, this period established a pattern of conflict between workers seeking rights and government/business interests focused on maintaining profits. This dynamic would continue to shape American economic policies and labor relations for years to come.

Related terms

Jay Cooke & Company: A prominent American bank that was heavily involved in financing the Civil War and later railroad construction, its failure marked the start of the Panic of 1873.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877: A significant labor uprising that began in response to wage cuts and poor working conditions, reflecting the intense labor unrest following the Panic of 1873.

Deflation: An economic condition characterized by falling prices, which occurred during the Panic of 1873, leading to decreased consumer spending and further economic decline.