American Expansionism

Definition

American expansionism refers to the policy and practice of territorial or economic expansion by the United States, particularly during the 19th century. This ideology was driven by a belief in Manifest Destiny, the idea that Americans were destined to expand across the continent. Expansionism played a crucial role in shaping U.S. foreign policy and domestic politics, leading to events such as conflicts with neighboring nations and the annexation of territories.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. American expansionism was fueled by economic interests, particularly the desire for new markets and resources as the U.S. industrialized in the 19th century.
2. The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) was a direct result of expansionist policies, leading to significant territorial gains for the U.S., including present-day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico.
3. The Bear Flag Revolt in 1846 was a manifestation of American expansionism in California, where American settlers rebelled against Mexican rule and declared independence.
4. Expansionism often led to conflict with Native American tribes, as settlers pushed westward into territories traditionally inhabited by these communities.
5. The ideology of American expansionism contributed to debates over slavery's extension into new territories, influencing political tensions that eventually led to the Civil War.

Review Questions

• How did the concept of Manifest Destiny influence American expansionism and contribute to events like the Mexican-American War?
  • Manifest Destiny was a driving force behind American expansionism, promoting the belief that it was the U.S.'s divine right to expand its territory across North America. This ideology justified actions such as the annexation of Texas and led to the Mexican-American War, as many Americans felt compelled to claim land they believed was rightfully theirs. The war ultimately resulted in significant territorial gains for the U.S., aligning closely with Manifest Destiny's vision.
• Discuss the implications of the Bear Flag Revolt in relation to American expansionism and its impact on California's transition from Mexican to American rule.
  • The Bear Flag Revolt exemplified American expansionism by highlighting how settlers in California took matters into their own hands to assert control over territory they believed should be part of the United States. In 1846, a group of American settlers revolted against Mexican rule, declaring California an independent republic. This uprising not only reflected expansionist sentiments but also set the stage for U.S. military intervention and eventual annexation of California following the Mexican-American War.
• Evaluate how American expansionism affected Native American populations during this period and what long-term consequences arose from these actions.
  • American expansionism had devastating effects on Native American populations, as settlers encroached upon their lands throughout the 19th century. The relentless push westward often led to violent conflicts, forced removals, and treaties that were frequently broken by the U.S. government. These actions resulted in significant loss of life and culture among Native tribes, and set a precedent for future policies that marginalized indigenous peoples, contributing to ongoing challenges faced by Native communities in contemporary America.

Related terms

Manifest Destiny: The 19th-century belief that American settlers were destined to expand across North America, justifying territorial expansion and often leading to conflict.

Annexation: The process of adding territory to an existing political entity, often associated with the incorporation of new lands into the United States during its expansionist phase.

Seward's Folly: A term used to describe the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, initially criticized but later recognized as a significant expansion of U.S. territory.