Working Memory

Definition

Working memory is a cognitive system that temporarily holds and manipulates information needed for complex tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension. It plays a crucial role in how individuals process information and interact with their environment, allowing for the integration of new knowledge and experiences with existing cognitive frameworks.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Working memory has a limited capacity, often described as being able to hold about 7±2 items at once, according to Miller's Law.
2. It involves both the storage and manipulation of information, making it essential for tasks like problem-solving and decision-making.
3. Working memory is crucial for language comprehension and the ability to follow instructions or understand complex narratives.
4. The duration that information can be held in working memory is limited, typically lasting around 20 to 30 seconds without rehearsal.
5. Research suggests that working memory capacity can vary between individuals and can be improved with practice and training.

Review Questions

• How does working memory contribute to an individual's ability to learn new information?
  • Working memory is essential for learning because it allows individuals to temporarily hold and manipulate new information while integrating it with prior knowledge. This process enables learners to make connections between concepts, comprehend complex ideas, and apply what they have learned in different contexts. Without effective working memory, it becomes challenging to retain new material and use it effectively during problem-solving or reasoning tasks.
• In what ways does cognitive load impact the effectiveness of working memory during learning tasks?
  • Cognitive load directly affects working memory's effectiveness because when the mental effort required exceeds its capacity, performance declines. High cognitive load can lead to difficulties in processing information, resulting in errors or incomplete understanding. Therefore, managing cognitive load by breaking down information into manageable chunks or reducing extraneous information is vital to optimize the use of working memory during learning tasks.
• Evaluate the relationship between working memory and executive function in cognitive processing.
  • Working memory is a core component of executive function, which encompasses various cognitive processes necessary for goal-directed behavior. Executive function includes not only working memory but also cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control. This relationship indicates that effective functioning in complex tasks requires not just holding information in mind but also manipulating it, shifting between tasks or strategies, and controlling impulses. A well-developed executive function relies on a robust working memory system to achieve effective decision-making and problem-solving.

Related terms

Short-Term Memory: A limited capacity system that temporarily stores information for a short period, typically ranging from seconds to a minute.

Cognitive Load: The total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory, which can affect learning and performance.

Executive Function: A set of cognitive processes that include working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control, which are essential for goal-directed behavior.