Atman

Definition

Atman refers to the true self or soul in Indian philosophy, considered the essence of individual identity and consciousness. It is central to various philosophical discussions and practices, often understood as the eternal and unchanging aspect of a person that transcends physical existence and connects with the ultimate reality.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Atman is often described in the Upanishads as being identical to Brahman, emphasizing non-dualism where realizing this connection leads to liberation (moksha).
2. The concept of Atman is fundamental in many Indian philosophical schools, particularly in Vedanta, where it is explored in depth regarding its nature and relationship with Brahman.
3. Different schools interpret Atman variably; for example, Advaita Vedanta views Atman as non-different from Brahman, while Dvaita Vedanta posits a distinction between the two.
4. In yogic practices, understanding Atman is essential for spiritual liberation, as it involves recognizing one's true self beyond material existence.
5. The realization of Atman is a transformative experience that can lead to liberation from the cycle of samsara and ultimate union with Brahman.

Review Questions

• How does the concept of Atman influence various Indian philosophical traditions?
  • Atman plays a crucial role across different Indian philosophical traditions by shaping their views on self, identity, and ultimate reality. In schools like Vedanta, Atman is seen as the true self that is identical to Brahman, which leads to non-dualistic interpretations. Other philosophies may emphasize its individuality but still recognize its importance in achieving spiritual liberation. The understanding of Atman thus serves as a foundational concept that influences metaphysical discussions, ethical considerations, and spiritual practices.
• Analyze the significance of Atman in relation to Maya within Advaita Vedanta philosophy.
  • In Advaita Vedanta philosophy, Atman is recognized as the eternal truth of one's identity, while Maya represents the illusion of the material world that obscures this reality. The relationship between Atman and Maya highlights how individuals often mistake their physical existence for their true self. Understanding Atman involves transcending Maya to realize that one's essence is unchanging and divine. This philosophical framework emphasizes overcoming ignorance (avidya) to attain liberation (moksha) through self-realization.
• Evaluate how different interpretations of Atman contribute to the diversity within Indian philosophical schools.
  • The diversity of interpretations regarding Atman contributes significantly to the rich tapestry of Indian philosophical thought. For instance, Advaita Vedanta posits that Atman is fundamentally one with Brahman, advocating a non-dualistic worldview. In contrast, Dvaita Vedanta emphasizes a dualistic approach, maintaining a distinct separation between Atman and Brahman. Additionally, Buddhist philosophy often challenges the notion of a permanent self (Anatta), presenting a contrasting perspective that impacts discussions on identity and existence. These varying interpretations reflect broader metaphysical debates and ethical implications within Indian philosophy.

Related terms

Brahman: Brahman is the ultimate, unchanging reality in Vedanta philosophy, often described as the source of all that exists and synonymous with the concept of the cosmic spirit.

Maya: Maya refers to the illusion or deceptive appearance of the physical world in Vedantic thought, suggesting that the material realm distracts from understanding the true nature of Atman and Brahman.

Karma: Karma denotes the law of cause and effect governing actions and their consequences, influencing the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (samsara) for the Atman.