Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Definition

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. Individuals with ADHD often struggle with maintaining focus, controlling impulses, and may exhibit excessive movement. This disorder can significantly affect academic performance, social interactions, and overall quality of life.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. ADHD is typically diagnosed in childhood, but symptoms can persist into adulthood, impacting various aspects of life.
2. There are three presentations of ADHD: predominantly inattentive presentation, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation, and combined presentation.
3. Genetics play a significant role in the development of ADHD, with studies indicating a hereditary link among family members.
4. Environmental factors such as exposure to toxins, prenatal substance use, and low birth weight may also contribute to the risk of developing ADHD.
5. Treatment often includes behavioral therapy, psychoeducation, and medication, which can help manage symptoms and improve functioning.

Review Questions

• How do the symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity manifest in individuals with ADHD?
  • Individuals with ADHD often display symptoms such as difficulty concentrating on tasks, frequently losing items necessary for activities, and making careless mistakes due to lack of attention. Hyperactivity is evident through excessive movement or fidgeting, making it hard for them to stay seated in situations where it's expected. Impulsivity can lead to interruptions in conversations or difficulty waiting for their turn, all of which can disrupt both academic and social environments.
• What are the primary factors that contribute to the diagnosis of ADHD in children?
  • The diagnosis of ADHD in children is primarily based on observed behaviors that align with the criteria outlined in diagnostic manuals. Clinicians assess patterns of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity that are persistent across multiple settings, such as home and school. Additionally, comprehensive evaluations involve gathering information from parents, teachers, and standardized assessment tools to rule out other possible causes for the child's behavior.
• Evaluate the impact of genetic and environmental factors on the prevalence of ADHD in various populations.
  • Research indicates that both genetic predispositions and environmental factors significantly contribute to the prevalence of ADHD across different populations. Genetic studies have shown that having a family member with ADHD increases the likelihood of developing the disorder. Environmental influences, such as prenatal exposure to tobacco or alcohol and early childhood exposure to lead or other toxins, also heighten risk. Understanding these factors helps shape effective prevention strategies and tailored interventions for affected individuals.

Related terms

Inattention: A core symptom of ADHD where individuals have difficulty sustaining attention, following through on tasks, or organizing activities.

Hyperactivity: A symptom of ADHD marked by excessive movement, fidgeting, or restlessness that is inappropriate for the setting.

Impulsivity: A behavior in ADHD where individuals act without thinking about the consequences, leading to hasty decisions or interruptions.