Aquinas

Definition

Aquinas refers to Thomas Aquinas, a 13th-century theologian and philosopher known for his influential work in natural theology and scholasticism. His thoughts on divine attributes significantly shaped Christian theology, particularly through the understanding of God's nature, existence, and relationship with humanity. Aquinas sought to reconcile faith with reason, emphasizing that human intellect can comprehend divine truths about God’s attributes like omnipotence, omniscience, and benevolence.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Aquinas proposed that God's essence is existence itself, meaning God does not possess existence but is existence itself.
2. He distinguished between God's absolute attributes (like simplicity and immutability) and relative attributes (like goodness and justice) in relation to creation.
3. Aquinas argued that humans can know God through His effects in the world, using reason to understand divine attributes.
4. His work 'Summa Theologica' is a foundational text in Christian theology that outlines Aquinas' views on the divine attributes among other theological topics.
5. Aquinas believed that while faith is necessary for salvation, reason can lead us to a knowledge of God's existence and nature.

Review Questions

• How does Aquinas' understanding of divine attributes enhance the relationship between faith and reason?
  • Aquinas’ understanding of divine attributes illustrates that faith and reason are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary. He believed that reason could provide insights into God's nature, such as His omnipotence and omniscience, thereby laying a foundation for faith. By employing philosophical reasoning to explain divine qualities, Aquinas made it possible for believers to understand and affirm their faith more deeply.
• What are the implications of Aquinas' distinction between God's absolute and relative attributes for theological discussions?
  • Aquinas’ distinction between absolute attributes (like simplicity and immutability) and relative attributes (such as goodness and justice) has significant implications for how theologians discuss God’s nature. This framework allows for a nuanced understanding of how God interacts with creation while remaining transcendent. It encourages deeper theological inquiry into how human concepts of goodness or justice relate back to God’s unchanging nature.
• Evaluate the impact of Aquinas' Five Ways on contemporary theological thought regarding divine existence.
  • The impact of Aquinas' Five Ways on contemporary theological thought is profound as they provide rational foundations for believing in God's existence. Each argument addresses common philosophical objections by demonstrating that the universe's complexity requires a First Cause or an Unmoved Mover. This approach continues to influence modern apologetics and debates on the existence of God by offering a structured way to reconcile scientific understanding with belief in a divine creator.

Related terms

Natural Theology: A branch of theology that seeks to understand God through reason and observation of the natural world, rather than through divine revelation.

Scholasticism: A medieval school of thought that emphasized dialectical reasoning to extend knowledge and understanding of theological and philosophical issues.

Five Ways: Aquinas' five arguments for the existence of God, which include the argument from motion, causation, contingency, degrees of perfection, and design.