Advaita vedanta

Definition

Advaita Vedanta is a non-dualistic school of Hindu philosophy that emphasizes the idea of oneness between the individual soul (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman). It teaches that the perceived duality of existence is an illusion (Maya), and realizing the unity of Atman and Brahman leads to liberation (Moksha). This philosophy plays a significant role in Eastern thought by providing a framework for understanding existence and consciousness.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Advaita Vedanta was primarily developed by philosopher Adi Shankaracharya in the early 8th century CE, who systematized its teachings and spread its influence across India.
2. The core teaching of Advaita Vedanta is that Atman is identical to Brahman, meaning that one's true self is not separate from the ultimate reality.
3. This school of thought distinguishes itself from other forms of Vedanta by its strict non-dualism, rejecting any form of duality between the individual soul and the universal consciousness.
4. Meditation, self-inquiry, and studying sacred texts like the Upanishads are key practices in Advaita Vedanta for realizing the truth of oneness.
5. Advaita Vedanta has influenced various spiritual movements and modern interpretations of Hindu philosophy, as well as discussions in comparative religion and Western philosophy.

Review Questions

• How does Advaita Vedanta differentiate itself from other schools of Vedantic thought?
  • Advaita Vedanta is distinct from other schools of Vedanta, such as Dvaita (dualism) and Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism), primarily due to its strict non-dualistic stance. While Dvaita posits a fundamental difference between the individual soul and God, and Vishishtadvaita acknowledges some level of unity but retains distinctions, Advaita Vedanta asserts that Atman and Brahman are entirely one. This perspective leads to different interpretations of liberation and the nature of reality within Hindu philosophy.
• Discuss the significance of Maya in Advaita Vedanta's understanding of reality.
  • In Advaita Vedanta, Maya plays a crucial role as it represents the illusion that obscures the true nature of reality. This concept explains why individuals perceive a separate existence when, in fact, they are unified with Brahman. The teaching stresses that overcoming Maya through knowledge and realization is essential for achieving Moksha. Understanding Maya helps practitioners see beyond their perceived duality, leading them closer to enlightenment and liberation.
• Evaluate how Advaita Vedanta's teachings on Atman and Brahman influence contemporary spiritual practices and philosophies.
  • Advaita Vedanta's teachings have had a profound impact on contemporary spiritual practices by emphasizing personal experience and self-realization over dogmatic belief. Its concepts of non-duality resonate with various modern philosophies, including aspects of New Age spirituality and mindfulness practices. The recognition that Atman is fundamentally identical to Brahman encourages individuals to explore their own consciousness as part of a larger universal truth, fostering an inclusive approach to spirituality that transcends traditional religious boundaries.

Related terms

Brahman: The ultimate, unchanging reality in Hinduism, which is the source of all existence and consciousness.

Maya: The illusion or deception that causes individuals to perceive a dualistic reality, leading to ignorance of the true oneness of Atman and Brahman.

Moksha: The liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara) that is achieved through self-realization and understanding the unity of Atman and Brahman.