Social Darwinism

Definition

Social Darwinism is a sociological theory that emerged in the late 19th century, applying the concept of 'survival of the fittest' from Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to human societies. This idea suggested that individuals and groups compete for survival in society, with those deemed stronger or more capable naturally rising to the top, while the weaker would inevitably fail. The theory was often used to justify social inequality, imperialism, and various social policies that favored certain races or classes over others.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Social Darwinism gained popularity in the late 19th century as societies were rapidly industrializing and evolving economically and socially.
2. Proponents of Social Darwinism argued that wealth accumulation was a sign of superiority, while poverty indicated failure, leading to policies that neglected the welfare of the poor.
3. The theory was used to support imperialistic agendas, suggesting that stronger nations had a right to dominate weaker ones for their own benefit.
4. Social Darwinism had a profound influence on social policies in the United States and Europe, including anti-immigration laws and discriminatory practices against various ethnic groups.
5. Critics of Social Darwinism argue that it misapplies biological concepts to social issues and overlooks the impact of environmental factors on human success.

Review Questions

• How did Social Darwinism influence societal attitudes towards poverty and wealth during its rise?
  • Social Darwinism shaped societal attitudes by framing wealth as an indicator of superiority and success while viewing poverty as a result of individual failure. This perspective led to widespread justification for neglecting social welfare programs and promoting laissez-faire economic policies. As a result, many believed that helping the poor was counterproductive, further entrenching social inequalities.
• Discuss the implications of Social Darwinism on imperialist policies in the late 19th century.
  • Social Darwinism provided a moral justification for imperialist expansion by suggesting that stronger nations had a right to conquer weaker ones in a 'natural' competition for survival. This ideology portrayed colonization as a means of civilizing supposedly inferior races while promoting the interests of dominant nations. Consequently, it led to widespread exploitation and oppression under the guise of progress.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of Social Darwinism on contemporary social policies and attitudes.
  • The long-term effects of Social Darwinism are evident in contemporary debates over social welfare, immigration, and health care policies. The ideology's emphasis on competition has influenced modern capitalism and individual responsibility narratives. While many societies have moved towards more inclusive policies, remnants of Social Darwinist thought can still be seen in discussions about meritocracy, where success is often viewed as solely an individual's achievement without acknowledging systemic barriers.

Related terms

Survival of the Fittest: A phrase coined by Herbert Spencer, referring to the idea that in nature, only those best adapted to their environment survive and reproduce.

Eugenics: A movement aimed at improving the genetic quality of a human population through selective breeding and sterilization, often associated with Social Darwinist thought.

Imperialism: The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means, often justified by Social Darwinist beliefs.