Range: The range of a function refers to the set of all possible output values it can produce. It's like looking at all the different drinks available at the bar after passing through the domain restrictions.
Vertical Asymptote: A vertical asymptote is a vertical line that represents an input value where a function approaches positive or negative infinity. It's similar to hitting a wall when trying to cross certain boundaries in the domain.
Excluded Values: Excluded values are specific input values that are not allowed in the domain due to causing division by zero or other mathematical inconsistencies. They're like items on a "do not bring" list for entering certain areas within the domain.