African American Military Heroes to Know for AP African American Studies

African American military heroes have played crucial roles throughout U.S. history, showcasing bravery and resilience. From Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell, their stories highlight the fight for freedom, equality, and the ongoing struggle against racial stereotypes in the military.

1. Crispus Attucks

   • Recognized as the first martyr of the American Revolution, killed during the Boston Massacre in 1770.
   • His death symbolized the struggle for freedom and justice, becoming a rallying point for abolitionists.
   • Attucks was of African and Native American descent, highlighting the diverse backgrounds of those fighting for American independence.

2. Salem Poor

   • A former enslaved man who fought bravely at the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775, earning recognition for his valor.
   • Credited with saving the life of a fellow soldier, Poor was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery.
   • His actions challenged the prevailing stereotypes of African Americans during the Revolutionary War.

3. Robert Smalls

   • A former enslaved man who commandeered a Confederate ship, the CSS Planter, and delivered it to Union forces in 1862.
   • Became a hero in the Civil War, later serving as a U.S. Congressman and advocating for civil rights.
   • His story exemplifies the fight for freedom and the contributions of African Americans to the Union cause.

4. William H. Carney

   • The first African American to receive the Medal of Honor for his bravery during the Civil War at the Battle of Fort Wagner in 1863.
   • Carney's actions included saving the American flag from being captured, demonstrating immense courage under fire.
   • His recognition helped pave the way for future African American soldiers in the military.

5. Henry Johnson

   • A member of the Harlem Hellfighters, he fought valiantly in World War I and was awarded the Croix de Guerre for his heroism.
   • Johnson's actions during a surprise attack showcased his bravery and skill, despite being outnumbered.
   • His legacy highlights the contributions of African American soldiers in a segregated military.

6. Benjamin O. Davis Sr.

   • The first African American general in the U.S. Army, breaking racial barriers in military leadership.
   • Advocated for the inclusion of African Americans in the military and served with distinction during World War II.
   • His leadership and commitment to equality influenced future generations of African American military personnel.

7. Benjamin O. Davis Jr.

   • The first African American to graduate from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and led the Tuskegee Airmen during World War II.
   • His leadership contributed to the success of the 332nd Fighter Group, known for their exceptional performance in combat.
   • Davis Jr.'s achievements helped challenge racial stereotypes and opened doors for future African American aviators.

8. Doris Miller

   • An African American cook in the U.S. Navy who became a hero during the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.
   • He manned a machine gun and shot down enemy planes, despite having no formal training in combat.
   • Miller was awarded the Navy Cross, becoming a symbol of bravery and resilience for African Americans in the military.

9. Tuskegee Airmen

   • The first group of African American military pilots in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II, known for their exceptional flying skills.
   • They faced racial discrimination but proved their capabilities, earning numerous accolades for their service.
   • Their success helped lead to the desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces in 1948.

10. Colin Powell

    • The first African American to serve as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and later as Secretary of State.
    • His military career included service in Vietnam and leadership during the Gulf War, where he played a key role in military strategy.
    • Powell's achievements reflect the progress of African Americans in military leadership and politics, influencing future generations.