Causes of the Russian Revolution to Know for European History – 1890 to 1945

The Russian Revolution was fueled by deep-rooted issues like autocratic rule, economic struggles, and social unrest. Tsar Nicholas II's failure to adapt and the impact of World War I intensified discontent, leading to a dramatic shift in Russia's political landscape.

1. Autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II

   • Tsar Nicholas II ruled with absolute power, resisting calls for political reform.
   • His inability to adapt to modern governance led to widespread discontent among various social classes.
   • The lack of a representative government fueled revolutionary sentiments.

2. Economic backwardness and industrialization challenges

   • Russia lagged behind Western Europe in industrial development, impacting economic growth.
   • Rapid industrialization in the late 19th century created social tensions and unrest among workers.
   • The economy was heavily reliant on agriculture, which was inefficient and outdated.

3. Widespread poverty and poor working conditions

   • A significant portion of the population lived in poverty, with limited access to basic needs.
   • Industrial workers faced long hours, low wages, and unsafe working environments.
   • The stark contrast between the wealthy elite and the impoverished masses contributed to social unrest.

4. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

   • The war exposed Russia's military weaknesses and resulted in a humiliating defeat.
   • National pride was damaged, leading to increased dissatisfaction with the Tsarist regime.
   • The war diverted resources and attention from domestic issues, exacerbating social tensions.

5. Bloody Sunday (1905)

   • Peaceful protesters marching to the Winter Palace were fired upon by imperial troops, resulting in hundreds of deaths.
   • This event marked a turning point, igniting widespread outrage and protests across the country.
   • It shattered the illusion of the Tsar as a benevolent ruler and fueled revolutionary fervor.

6. 1905 Russian Revolution

   • Triggered by Bloody Sunday, the revolution saw strikes, uprisings, and demands for reform.
   • The Tsar was forced to issue the October Manifesto, which promised civil liberties and a legislative assembly (Duma).
   • However, the reforms were insufficient and failed to quell revolutionary sentiments.

7. World War I and its impact on Russia

   • Russia's involvement in WWI strained its economy and military, leading to significant losses.
   • The war exacerbated existing social and economic issues, causing widespread discontent.
   • Military failures and high casualties diminished support for the Tsar and the monarchy.

8. Food shortages and inflation

   • The war effort led to severe food shortages, particularly in urban areas, causing widespread hunger.
   • Inflation skyrocketed, eroding the purchasing power of the working class and peasants.
   • Public discontent over food scarcity contributed to the revolutionary climate.

9. Rasputin's influence on the royal family

   • Grigori Rasputin, a mystic, gained significant influence over Tsarina Alexandra and the royal family.
   • His presence fueled public suspicion and scandal, damaging the monarchy's reputation.
   • Many viewed Rasputin as a symbol of the corruption and incompetence of the Tsarist regime.

10. February Revolution (1917)

    • Mass protests and strikes erupted in Petrograd, driven by food shortages and discontent with the Tsar.
    • The military's refusal to suppress the protests marked a critical turning point.
    • Nicholas II abdicated, leading to the establishment of a Provisional Government.

11. Provisional Government's failures

    • The Provisional Government struggled to address key issues, including land reform and continuing the war.
    • Its decision to maintain involvement in WWI alienated many citizens and soldiers.
    • The lack of legitimacy and effectiveness led to growing support for radical alternatives.

12. Bolshevik Party and Vladimir Lenin's leadership

    • The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, advocated for a radical overthrow of the Provisional Government.
    • Lenin's promise of "peace, land, and bread" resonated with war-weary soldiers and impoverished peasants.
    • The party gained significant support, positioning itself as a viable alternative to the Provisional Government.

13. October Revolution (1917)

    • The Bolsheviks seized power in a well-coordinated coup, taking control of key government buildings.
    • The revolution was largely bloodless and marked the beginning of Bolshevik rule in Russia.
    • The overthrow of the Provisional Government set the stage for the establishment of a communist state.