Frequency Ranges of Instruments to Know for Music Production and Recording

Understanding the frequency ranges of different instruments is key in music production and recording. Each instrument occupies a unique space in the audio spectrum, influencing how they blend and interact in a mix. This knowledge helps create a balanced and engaging sound.

1. Human hearing range (20 Hz - 20 kHz)

   • The average human can hear sounds between 20 Hz (low bass) and 20 kHz (high treble).
   • Frequencies below 20 Hz are considered infrasound, while those above 20 kHz are ultrasound.
   • Sensitivity to different frequencies varies, with the human ear most responsive between 2 kHz and 5 kHz.

2. Bass guitar (41 Hz - 350 Hz)

   • Provides the low-end foundation in music, crucial for rhythm and groove.
   • The fundamental frequencies are typically between 41 Hz and 350 Hz, with harmonics extending higher.
   • Essential for genres like rock, funk, and jazz, where bass lines drive the music.

3. Kick drum (60 Hz - 100 Hz)

   • Produces a deep, punchy sound that anchors the rhythm section.
   • The fundamental frequency range is between 60 Hz and 100 Hz, providing a solid low-end thump.
   • Important for creating a strong backbeat in various music styles.

4. Snare drum (200 Hz - 400 Hz)

   • Characterized by a sharp, cracking sound that cuts through the mix.
   • Fundamental frequencies range from 200 Hz to 400 Hz, with higher harmonics adding brightness.
   • Plays a key role in establishing the backbeat in most musical genres.

5. Electric guitar (80 Hz - 5 kHz)

   • Versatile instrument with a wide frequency range, allowing for various tones and styles.
   • Fundamental frequencies range from 80 Hz to 5 kHz, with harmonics extending even higher.
   • Commonly used in rock, blues, and pop music, often featuring distortion and effects.

6. Acoustic guitar (80 Hz - 1.2 kHz)

   • Produces a warm, natural sound ideal for rhythm and melody.
   • Frequency range spans from 80 Hz to 1.2 kHz, with rich harmonics contributing to its timbre.
   • Frequently used in folk, country, and singer-songwriter genres.

7. Piano (27.5 Hz - 4.2 kHz)

   • A versatile instrument covering a wide range of frequencies, from deep bass to bright treble.
   • Fundamental frequencies range from 27.5 Hz (low A) to 4.2 kHz (high C).
   • Used in various genres, providing harmony, melody, and rhythm.

8. Male vocals (85 Hz - 500 Hz)

   • Typically range from 85 Hz to 500 Hz, with lower frequencies providing depth and richness.
   • Important for conveying emotion and storytelling in music.
   • Often occupies a prominent place in the mix, requiring careful EQ to avoid muddiness.

9. Female vocals (165 Hz - 1 kHz)

   • Frequency range spans from 165 Hz to 1 kHz, with higher frequencies adding brightness and clarity.
   • Essential for melodic lines and harmonies in many musical styles.
   • Requires attention to avoid harshness in the mix, especially in the upper range.

10. Cymbals (300 Hz - 17 kHz)

    • Provide brightness and shimmer, enhancing the overall texture of the music.
    • Frequency range from 300 Hz to 17 kHz, with high frequencies contributing to their characteristic sound.
    • Important for adding accents and dynamics in drumming.

11. Violin (196 Hz - 3.5 kHz)

    • Produces a wide range of expressive tones, essential in classical and folk music.
    • Frequency range from 196 Hz to 3.5 kHz, with higher frequencies adding brilliance.
    • Often used for melody and harmony, requiring careful placement in the mix.

12. Trumpet (165 Hz - 1 kHz)

    • Known for its bright, powerful sound, often used in jazz and classical music.
    • Frequency range from 165 Hz to 1 kHz, with higher harmonics providing clarity.
    • Plays a key role in melodic lines and brass sections.

13. Saxophone (130 Hz - 700 Hz)

    • Versatile woodwind instrument with a rich, warm tone.
    • Frequency range from 130 Hz to 700 Hz, allowing for expressive playing.
    • Commonly used in jazz, rock, and pop music, often featuring improvisation.

14. Flute (260 Hz - 2.3 kHz)

    • Produces a light, airy sound, often used for melody and harmony.
    • Frequency range from 260 Hz to 2.3 kHz, with higher frequencies contributing to its brightness.
    • Frequently found in classical, jazz, and contemporary music.

15. Cello (65 Hz - 880 Hz)

    • Offers a deep, resonant sound, bridging the gap between bass and treble instruments.
    • Frequency range from 65 Hz to 880 Hz, providing warmth and richness.
    • Used in classical, chamber music, and various contemporary genres.