Groundbreaking Black Women in STEM to Know for History of Black Women in America.

Groundbreaking Black women in STEM have made significant contributions to science and technology, often overcoming racial and gender barriers. Their achievements not only advanced their fields but also inspired future generations, highlighting the vital role of Black women in American history.

1. Katherine Johnson

   • Pioneered the use of mathematics in space exploration, calculating trajectories for NASA missions, including the Apollo 11 moon landing.
   • Overcame racial and gender barriers in a predominantly white, male field, becoming a symbol of perseverance and excellence.
   • Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015, recognizing her contributions to the U.S. space program.

2. Dorothy Vaughan

   • First African American woman to supervise a group of staff at NASA, leading the West Area Computing section.
   • Expert in FORTRAN programming, she played a crucial role in the transition from manual calculations to computer programming.
   • Advocated for the recognition and advancement of Black women in STEM fields, paving the way for future generations.

3. Mary Jackson

   • NASA's first Black female engineer, she worked on aerodynamics and contributed to the design of aircraft.
   • Actively fought for equal opportunities for women and minorities in engineering, becoming an advocate for diversity in STEM.
   • Her story was highlighted in the book and film "Hidden Figures," bringing attention to the contributions of Black women in science.

4. Mae Jemison

   • First African American woman in space, flying aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.
   • A physician and engineer, she emphasized the importance of science education and inspired young people, especially girls of color, to pursue STEM careers.
   • Founded the Jemison Group, focusing on technology and sustainable development in underserved communities.

5. Gladys West

   • Mathematician whose work on satellite geodesy contributed to the development of GPS technology.
   • Her research laid the groundwork for modern navigation systems, showcasing the impact of mathematics on everyday life.
   • Advocated for the recognition of women and minorities in STEM, emphasizing the importance of diversity in scientific fields.

6. Patricia Bath

   • First African American woman to receive a medical patent for her invention of the Laserphaco Probe, a device for cataract surgery.
   • Pioneered advancements in ophthalmology and worked to improve eye care for underserved populations.
   • Advocated for health equity and the inclusion of women and minorities in medical research and practice.

7. Shirley Jackson

   • Theoretical physicist and the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. from MIT, she made significant contributions to condensed matter physics.
   • Served as the first female president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, promoting diversity in STEM education.
   • Her research has influenced telecommunications, including developments in fiber optics and telecommunications technology.

8. Marie Maynard Daly

   • First African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry in the U.S., focusing on the relationship between cholesterol and hypertension.
   • Conducted groundbreaking research that contributed to our understanding of heart health and nutrition.
   • Advocated for increased representation of minorities in the sciences and supported educational initiatives for underprivileged youth.

9. Alice Ball

   • Developed the "Ball Method," the first effective treatment for leprosy using chaulmoogra oil, significantly improving patient outcomes.
   • The first woman and first African American to earn a degree in chemistry from the University of Hawaii.
   • Her contributions were largely unrecognized during her lifetime, but she is now celebrated for her pioneering work in pharmaceutical chemistry.

10. Jewel Plummer Cobb

    • Renowned cell biologist and the first African American woman to become a full professor at a major university (California State University, Los Angeles).
    • Conducted important research on the effects of cancer and the role of cells in the body, contributing to advancements in medical science.
    • Advocated for diversity in higher education and STEM, mentoring countless students and promoting the inclusion of women and minorities in science.