Hormones Secreted by the Pituitary Gland to Know for Anatomy and Physiology II

The pituitary gland plays a crucial role in regulating various body functions through hormone secretion. These hormones influence growth, metabolism, stress response, reproduction, and more, making them essential for maintaining overall health and balance in the body.

1. Growth Hormone (GH)

   • Stimulates growth and cell reproduction in tissues, particularly in bones and muscles.
   • Regulates metabolism by promoting protein synthesis and fat breakdown.
   • Secreted in pulses, with levels highest during sleep and exercise.

2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

   • Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol, a key stress hormone.
   • Plays a role in the body's response to stress and inflammation.
   • Regulates blood sugar levels, metabolism, and immune response.

3. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

   • Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).
   • Regulates metabolism, energy levels, and overall growth and development.
   • Levels are controlled by the hypothalamus through thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).

4. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

   • Promotes the development of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males.
   • Regulates menstrual cycles and reproductive processes.
   • Works in conjunction with luteinizing hormone (LH) for reproductive function.

5. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

   • Triggers ovulation and the production of estrogen and progesterone in females.
   • Stimulates testosterone production in males.
   • Essential for reproductive health and fertility.

6. Prolactin

   • Stimulates milk production in breastfeeding women.
   • Plays a role in regulating the menstrual cycle and reproductive health.
   • Levels can be influenced by stress, sleep, and sexual activity.

7. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin

   • Regulates water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys.
   • Helps maintain blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.
   • Released in response to dehydration or high blood osmolarity.

8. Oxytocin

   • Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
   • Plays a role in social bonding, emotional responses, and maternal behaviors.
   • Often referred to as the "love hormone" due to its effects on relationships.

9. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

   • Stimulates the production and release of melanin in skin and hair.
   • Influences pigmentation and can affect appetite and sexual arousal.
   • Levels can be affected by factors such as light exposure and stress.