Key Concepts of Erikson's Psychosocial Stages to Know for Adolescent Development

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages outline key conflicts that shape human development from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage builds on the previous one, influencing identity, relationships, and overall well-being, especially during the critical adolescent years of self-discovery.

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-18 months)

   • Infants learn to trust caregivers for basic needs (food, comfort, safety).
   • Consistent and responsive care leads to a sense of security.
   • Failure to receive adequate care can result in fear and suspicion of the world.

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months-3 years)

   • Children begin to assert independence and make choices (toilet training, dressing).
   • Supportive environments foster confidence and autonomy.
   • Overly critical or controlling responses can lead to feelings of shame and doubt.

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years)

   • Children initiate activities and explore their environment.
   • Encouragement from caregivers promotes a sense of initiative.
   • If efforts are met with criticism, children may develop guilt over their needs and desires.

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12 years)

   • Children develop skills and competencies through school and social interactions.
   • Success leads to a sense of industry and achievement.
   • Repeated failure or lack of support can result in feelings of inferiority.

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)

   • Adolescents explore different roles, beliefs, and identities.
   • Successful navigation leads to a strong sense of self and personal identity.
   • Confusion or lack of direction can result in uncertainty about one's place in society.

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood)

   • Young adults seek deep, meaningful relationships and connections.
   • Successful relationships foster intimacy and emotional closeness.
   • Fear of commitment or previous failures can lead to feelings of isolation.

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)

   • Adults focus on contributing to society and guiding the next generation.
   • Generativity is expressed through parenting, work, and community involvement.
   • Lack of productivity or connection can lead to feelings of stagnation and unfulfillment.

8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood)

   • Older adults reflect on their lives and assess their accomplishments.
   • A sense of fulfillment leads to ego integrity and acceptance of life’s journey.
   • Regret or dissatisfaction can result in despair and fear of death.