Key Shoreline Protection Structures to Know for Coastal Resilience Engineering

Shoreline protection structures are essential for managing coastal erosion and wave action. These engineered solutions, from seawalls to living shorelines, play a crucial role in enhancing coastal resilience, safeguarding ecosystems, and protecting human activities along vulnerable coastlines.

1. Seawalls

   • Vertical structures built parallel to the shoreline to protect against wave action and erosion.
   • Designed to absorb and reflect wave energy, reducing the impact on coastal properties.
   • Can lead to increased erosion at the base and adjacent areas due to wave reflection.

2. Revetments

   • Sloped structures made of rock or concrete placed on the shoreline to dissipate wave energy.
   • Help to stabilize the beach and prevent erosion by allowing sediment to accumulate.
   • Require regular maintenance and can be less effective in extreme weather conditions.

3. Groins

   • Long, narrow structures extending from the shore into the water to interrupt water flow and limit sediment transport.
   • Promote beach accretion on the updrift side while potentially causing erosion on the downdrift side.
   • Can be constructed from wood, rock, or concrete, and may require periodic replenishment of sand.

4. Jetties

   • Structures built at the mouths of rivers or harbors to protect navigation channels from sedimentation and wave action.
   • Help to stabilize the shoreline and prevent erosion by controlling water flow and sediment deposition.
   • Can disrupt natural sediment transport, leading to erosion in adjacent areas.

5. Breakwaters

   • Offshore structures designed to absorb wave energy and create a calm area for navigation and recreation.
   • Can be constructed as floating or fixed structures, often using rock or concrete.
   • May lead to sediment accumulation in the sheltered area, but can also cause erosion on the adjacent shoreline.

6. Artificial reefs

   • Man-made structures placed underwater to promote marine life and protect shorelines from wave energy.
   • Enhance biodiversity and can help reduce coastal erosion by dissipating wave energy.
   • Require careful design and placement to ensure ecological benefits and minimize negative impacts.

7. Beach nourishment

   • The process of adding sand or sediment to eroded beaches to restore their width and elevation.
   • Provides temporary protection against erosion and enhances recreational opportunities.
   • Requires ongoing maintenance and can be costly, depending on the frequency of nourishment.

8. Dunes and dune stabilization

   • Natural or constructed sand formations that act as barriers against wind and wave action.
   • Help to protect inland areas from flooding and erosion while providing habitat for wildlife.
   • Stabilization techniques may include planting vegetation or installing fencing to reduce erosion.

9. Bulkheads

   • Vertical structures built along the shoreline to prevent erosion and protect land from wave action.
   • Typically made of wood, steel, or concrete, and can be used in residential and commercial areas.
   • May lead to increased erosion in adjacent areas and require regular maintenance.

10. Living shorelines

    • Natural approaches to shoreline protection that use native vegetation and natural materials to stabilize the coast.
    • Enhance habitat for wildlife while providing erosion control and water quality benefits.
    • Promote resilience by adapting to changing environmental conditions and reducing reliance on hard structures.