Major Types of Economic Activities to Know for AP Human Geography

Economic activities shape how societies function and grow. They range from extracting natural resources to providing services and knowledge. Understanding these activities helps us see how economies develop and respond to changing demands in the world.

1. Primary economic activities

   • Involves the extraction and harvesting of natural resources.
   • Includes activities such as agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining.
   • Forms the foundation of an economy by providing raw materials for other sectors.

2. Secondary economic activities

   • Focuses on the processing and manufacturing of raw materials into finished goods.
   • Includes industries such as construction, automobile production, and food processing.
   • Plays a crucial role in adding value to primary products and creating jobs.

3. Tertiary economic activities

   • Involves the provision of services rather than goods.
   • Includes sectors such as retail, healthcare, education, and hospitality.
   • Represents a growing portion of modern economies, reflecting increased consumer demand for services.

4. Quaternary economic activities

   • Centers on knowledge-based services, including research, development, and information technology.
   • Involves high-level decision-making and specialized services such as consulting and education.
   • Contributes to innovation and technological advancement in the economy.

5. Quinary economic activities

   • Focuses on high-level decision-making and services that require specialized knowledge.
   • Includes roles in non-profit organizations, education, healthcare, and government.
   • Emphasizes the importance of human capital and expertise in driving economic growth.

6. Subsistence agriculture

   • Involves farming primarily for the farmer's family consumption rather than for sale.
   • Often characterized by small-scale, labor-intensive practices and low technology.
   • Common in developing regions, where food security is a primary concern.

7. Commercial agriculture

   • Focuses on large-scale production of crops and livestock for sale in the market.
   • Utilizes advanced technology and practices to maximize yield and efficiency.
   • Plays a significant role in the global food supply and economy.

8. Manufacturing

   • Encompasses the transformation of raw materials into finished products through industrial processes.
   • Includes a wide range of industries, from textiles to electronics.
   • Vital for economic development, job creation, and trade.

9. Service industries

   • Comprises businesses that provide services to consumers and other businesses.
   • Includes sectors such as finance, real estate, and entertainment.
   • Represents a significant portion of GDP in developed economies.

10. Information technology sector

    • Involves the development, maintenance, and use of computer systems and software.
    • Plays a critical role in driving innovation and efficiency across all economic sectors.
    • Contributes to the global economy through tech-driven services and products.