Modes of the Major Scale to Know for AP Music Theory

Modes of the major scale offer unique sounds and emotional qualities, expanding musical creativity. Each mode, from Ionian to Locrian, has distinct interval patterns and characteristics, making them essential tools for composition and understanding harmony in various genres.

1. Ionian (Major Scale)

   • The Ionian mode is synonymous with the major scale, characterized by a bright and happy sound.
   • It consists of the intervals: whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half.
   • The tonic (first note) establishes the key center, making it foundational in Western music.
   • Commonly used in various genres, it serves as a basis for harmony and melody.
   • The scale degrees are labeled as: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

2. Dorian

   • The Dorian mode is the second mode of the major scale, featuring a minor quality with a raised sixth.
   • Its interval pattern is: whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half, whole.
   • This mode is often associated with jazz, funk, and modal music, providing a unique sound.
   • The scale degrees are labeled as: 1, 2, b3, 4, 5, 6, b7.
   • It allows for a blend of major and minor tonalities, making it versatile for composition.

3. Phrygian

   • The Phrygian mode is the third mode of the major scale, characterized by a minor sound with a flat second.
   • The interval pattern is: half, whole, whole, whole, half, whole, whole.
   • It is often used in flamenco music and can evoke a mysterious or exotic feel.
   • The scale degrees are labeled as: 1, b2, b3, 4, 5, b6, b7.
   • The flat second degree creates tension, making it effective for dramatic compositions.

4. Lydian

   • The Lydian mode is the fourth mode of the major scale, known for its raised fourth, giving it a dreamy quality.
   • Its interval pattern is: whole, whole, whole, half, whole, whole, half.
   • This mode is frequently used in film scores and progressive rock for its ethereal sound.
   • The scale degrees are labeled as: 1, 2, 3, #4, 5, 6, 7.
   • The raised fourth degree allows for unique harmonic possibilities, enhancing creativity in composition.

5. Mixolydian

   • The Mixolydian mode is the fifth mode of the major scale, characterized by a major sound with a flat seventh.
   • The interval pattern is: whole, whole, half, whole, whole, half, whole.
   • Commonly found in blues, rock, and folk music, it provides a laid-back yet lively feel.
   • The scale degrees are labeled as: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, b7.
   • The flat seventh degree creates a dominant sound, making it suitable for improvisation and chord progressions.

6. Aeolian (Natural Minor Scale)

   • The Aeolian mode is the sixth mode of the major scale, equivalent to the natural minor scale.
   • Its interval pattern is: whole, half, whole, whole, half, whole, whole.
   • This mode is prevalent in various genres, conveying a somber or introspective mood.
   • The scale degrees are labeled as: 1, 2, b3, 4, 5, b6, b7.
   • The natural minor quality allows for rich emotional expression in melodies and harmonies.

7. Locrian

   • The Locrian mode is the seventh mode of the major scale, characterized by a diminished quality with a flat fifth.
   • The interval pattern is: half, whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole.
   • It is the least commonly used mode due to its unstable sound, often creating tension.
   • The scale degrees are labeled as: 1, b2, b3, 4, b5, b6, b7.
   • The flat fifth degree contributes to its dissonant nature, making it useful for specific musical contexts and experimentation.