Urban Development Models to Know for Social Problems and Public Policy

Urban development models help us understand how cities grow and change. These models reveal patterns of land use, socio-economic status, and community dynamics, highlighting the social problems and policy challenges that arise from urbanization, like inequality and environmental sustainability.

1. Concentric Zone Model

   • Developed by sociologist Ernest Burgess in the 1920s, this model illustrates urban land use in concentric circles.
   • The model identifies five zones: the central business district, zone of transition, zone of working-class homes, zone of middle-class homes, and commuter zone.
   • It emphasizes socio-economic status and residential patterns, showing how wealthier populations tend to move outward from the city center.

2. Sector Model

   • Proposed by economist Homer Hoyt in 1939, this model suggests that cities develop in sectors or wedges rather than concentric circles.
   • Each sector represents different land uses, such as industrial, residential, and commercial, radiating out from the central business district.
   • The model highlights the influence of transportation routes on urban development and land use.

3. Multiple Nuclei Model

   • Introduced by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945, this model posits that cities have multiple centers (nuclei) of activity rather than a single downtown.
   • Each nucleus serves different functions, such as retail, industry, and residential areas, leading to a more complex urban structure.
   • It reflects the decentralization of urban areas and the impact of automobiles on city layout.

4. Urban Sprawl Model

   • Describes the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land, often characterized by low-density development.
   • Urban sprawl can lead to increased traffic congestion, environmental degradation, and social isolation.
   • It raises concerns about sustainable development and the efficient use of resources in urban planning.

5. Smart Growth Model

   • Focuses on sustainable urban development by promoting compact, walkable communities and mixed-use development.
   • Aims to reduce urban sprawl, protect open spaces, and enhance public transportation options.
   • Encourages community involvement in planning processes to create livable and equitable urban environments.

6. New Urbanism

   • A design movement that advocates for walkable neighborhoods, diverse housing options, and accessible public spaces.
   • Emphasizes the importance of community and social interaction in urban design.
   • Aims to create sustainable, human-scaled environments that reduce reliance on automobiles.

7. Transit-Oriented Development

   • Focuses on creating dense, mixed-use communities centered around public transportation hubs.
   • Encourages the use of public transit, walking, and cycling, reducing dependence on cars.
   • Aims to improve accessibility, reduce traffic congestion, and promote sustainable urban growth.

8. Gentrification Model

   • Describes the process of urban renewal where wealthier individuals move into lower-income neighborhoods, leading to rising property values and displacement of original residents.
   • Often results in improved infrastructure and services but raises concerns about social equity and cultural displacement.
   • Highlights the tension between revitalization and the preservation of community identity.

9. Edge City Model

   • Coined by Joel Garreau in the 1990s, this model describes suburban areas that have developed into significant economic and commercial centers.
   • Edge cities typically feature office parks, shopping centers, and entertainment venues, often located near major highways.
   • Reflects the shift of urban activity from traditional city centers to suburban locations.

10. Central Place Theory

    • Developed by Walter Christaller in the 1930s, this theory explains the size, number, and distribution of human settlements in a hierarchical manner.
    • Suggests that cities serve as "central places" providing goods and services to surrounding areas, with larger cities offering more specialized services.
    • Helps understand urban systems and the spatial organization of settlements based on economic functions.