's structure is a marvel of nature. Its and unique features ensure genetic information is stored and passed on accurately. This intricate design allows for the stability and fidelity crucial in biological processes.
The of molecular genetics explains how genetic info flows in cells. It outlines three key processes: DNA , to , and translation to proteins. This fundamental concept ties together the roles of DNA, RNA, and proteins in life.
DNA Structure and Function
Base-pairing rule in DNA
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DNA composed of two strands form a
Each consists of a , a sugar, and a nitrogenous base () (, , , or )
Complementary base pairing occurs between nitrogenous bases on opposite strands
Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) via two hydrogen bonds (A=T)
Guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) via three hydrogen bonds (G≡C)
Specific base pairing ensures stability and fidelity of DNA double helix allows for accurate replication and transcription
Features of DNA double helix
Right-handed spiral with diameter of ~2 nm
Two polynucleotide strands run antiparallel with 5' end and 3' end
Sugar-phosphate backbones on outside of helix, nitrogenous bases face inward
and important for protein interactions (transcription factors)
Complete turn every 10.5 base pairs, with rise of 3.4 Å per base pair
Stacking of aromatic rings of nitrogenous bases contributes to stability via hydrophobic interactions and π−π stacking ()
DNA Base Classification and Structure
Nucleobases in DNA are classified into two categories:
Purines: larger, double-ring structures (adenine and guanine)
Pyrimidines: smaller, single-ring structures (thymine and cytosine)
describes the specific base pairing between purines and pyrimidines in DNA
Base stacking interactions between adjacent base pairs contribute to DNA stability
Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics
Central dogma of molecular genetics
Describes flow of genetic information within biological system
DNA transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins
Three fundamental processes:
Replication
Cell makes exact copy of genetic material before cell division
Semiconservative, each daughter DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand
Ensures genetic information passed on to daughter cells (mitosis, meiosis)
Transcription
Synthesis of RNA from DNA template catalyzed by RNA polymerase
Complementary RNA strand using one DNA strand as template
Resulting RNA molecule called () carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
Also produces other RNA types (, rRNA, miRNA)
Translation
Synthesis of proteins using genetic information carried by mRNA
Ribosomes read mRNA sequence in triplets called codons, each coding for specific amino acid
molecules carry specific amino acids, recognize codons, deliver amino acids to growing polypeptide chain
Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain determines structure and function of resulting protein (enzymes, structural proteins, signaling molecules)