Sigmatropic rearrangements are like molecular acrobatics. These reactions involve a sigma bond doing a fancy flip across a chain of double bonds, changing the molecule's structure while keeping its overall connectivity intact.
These rearrangements come in different flavors, classified by how far the sigma bond moves. Understanding the rules behind them helps predict how molecules will change shape under heat or light, making them useful tools for chemists.
Sigmatropic Rearrangements
Concept of sigmatropic rearrangements
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Involve concerted migration of a across a conjugated while π system remains intact allowing for σ bond migration
σ bond breaks at original location and forms at new location resulting in structural change while π system adjusts to accommodate new bonding arrangement
Number of π and σ bonds remains constant throughout rearrangement maintaining overall connectivity of molecule (1,3-pentadiene, 1,5-hexadiene)
Sigmatropic rearrangements are a type of pericyclic reaction, characterized by a
Notation for sigmatropic rearrangements
Classified using where i represents number of atoms σ bond migrates over from starting point and j represents number of atoms σ bond migrates over to reach final position
: σ bond migrates over one atom from starting point and five atoms to reach final position (1,3-pentadiene)
: σ bond migrates over three atoms from starting point and three atoms to reach final position ( of 1,5-hexadiene)
Sum of i and j determines number of atoms involved in rearrangement
For , i + j must be even number ()
For , i + j must be odd number ()
Suprafacial vs antarafacial sigmatropic modes
Suprafacial sigmatropic rearrangements: migrating σ bond remains on same face of π system throughout rearrangement
retained when i + j = 4n+2 (thermal reactions, Hückel topology)
Stereochemistry inverted when i + j = 4n (photochemical reactions, Möbius topology)
Antarafacial sigmatropic rearrangements: migrating σ bond starts on one face of π system and ends on opposite face
Stereochemistry inverted when i + j = 4n+2 (thermal reactions, Hückel topology)
Stereochemistry retained when i + j = 4n (photochemical reactions, Möbius topology)
predict stereochemical outcome of sigmatropic rearrangements based on number of atoms involved (i + j) and reaction conditions (thermal or photochemical)
Thermal reactions follow Hückel topology
Photochemical reactions follow Möbius topology
Orbital symmetry considerations
plays a crucial role in determining the feasibility and stereochemical outcome of sigmatropic rearrangements
The conservation of orbital symmetry governs the allowed pathways for these reactions
Thermal and photochemical reactions differ in their orbital symmetry requirements, leading to distinct reaction outcomes
Understanding orbital symmetry helps predict the stereochemistry of sigmatropic rearrangements and explains why certain reactions are favored under specific conditions