36.1 Review of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system is a complex network of organs and hormones working together to enable reproduction. From the ovaries producing eggs to the uterus nurturing a fetus, each part plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle and potential pregnancy.

Hormonal regulation orchestrates the menstrual cycle, with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland controlling ovarian function. This delicate balance of hormones guides follicle development, ovulation, and prepares the uterus for possible implantation or menstruation.

Female Reproductive System

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina

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• Ovaries produce and release eggs (ova) for fertilization and secrete female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone
• Fallopian tubes transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus where fertilization typically occurs
• Uterus provides a nurturing environment for the developing fetus during pregnancy, endometrium thickens in preparation for implantation and sheds during menstruation if pregnancy does not occur
• Cervix produces mucus that helps facilitate or block sperm entry, depending on the stage of the menstrual cycle
• Vagina receives the penis during sexual intercourse and serves as a birth canal during childbirth

Hormonal regulation of menstrual cycle and female reproductive processes

• Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), stimulating the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Follicular phase: FSH stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles, each containing an egg, developing follicles secrete estrogen causing endometrium to thicken
• Ovulation: LH surge triggers release of mature egg from dominant follicle, typically around day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle
• Luteal phase: Remaining follicular tissue forms corpus luteum, secreting progesterone and estrogen to maintain thickened endometrium for potential implantation
• Menstruation: Withdrawal of progesterone and estrogen causes endometrium to shed, resulting in menstrual flow lasting 3-7 days, marking the beginning of a new cycle

Menopause changes and health considerations

• Permanent cessation of menstruation and fertility, typically occurring between ages 45-55, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea
• Gradual decline in estrogen and progesterone production by ovaries, fluctuations cause various symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, mood changes, sleep disturbances, urinary changes)
• Increased risk of osteoporosis due to decreased estrogen levels, cardiovascular disease risk may increase post-menopause
• Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) includes vaginal dryness, irritation, and urinary symptoms
• Management options: hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to alleviate symptoms and reduce long-term health risks, non-hormonal treatments (lubricants, low-dose antidepressants), lifestyle modifications (regular exercise, balanced diet, stress reduction techniques)