The female reproductive system is a complex network of organs and hormones working together to enable reproduction. From the producing eggs to the nurturing a fetus, each part plays a crucial role in the and potential pregnancy.
Hormonal regulation orchestrates the menstrual cycle, with the and pituitary gland controlling ovarian function. This delicate balance of hormones guides follicle development, , and prepares the uterus for possible or .
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina
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Ovaries produce and release eggs () for fertilization and secrete female sex hormones and
transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus where fertilization typically occurs
Uterus provides a nurturing environment for the developing fetus during pregnancy, thickens in preparation for implantation and sheds during menstruation if pregnancy does not occur
produces mucus that helps facilitate or block sperm entry, depending on the stage of the menstrual cycle
receives the penis during sexual intercourse and serves as a birth canal during childbirth
Hormonal regulation of menstrual cycle and female reproductive processes
releases , stimulating the to secrete (FSH) and (LH)
: FSH stimulates growth and development of ovarian , each containing an egg, developing follicles secrete estrogen causing endometrium to thicken
Ovulation: LH surge triggers release of mature egg from dominant follicle, typically around day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle
: Remaining follicular tissue forms , secreting progesterone and estrogen to maintain thickened endometrium for potential implantation
Menstruation: Withdrawal of progesterone and estrogen causes endometrium to shed, resulting in menstrual flow lasting 3-7 days, marking the beginning of a new cycle
Menopause changes and health considerations
Permanent cessation of menstruation and , typically occurring between ages 45-55, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea
Gradual decline in estrogen and progesterone production by ovaries, fluctuations cause various symptoms (, night sweats, vaginal dryness, mood changes, sleep disturbances, urinary changes)
Increased risk of due to decreased estrogen levels, cardiovascular disease risk may increase post-menopause
Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) includes vaginal dryness, irritation, and urinary symptoms
Management options: hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to alleviate symptoms and reduce long-term health risks, non-hormonal treatments (lubricants, low-dose antidepressants), lifestyle modifications (regular exercise, balanced diet, stress reduction techniques)