Igneous rocks form from cooling magma or lava, creating diverse textures and compositions. The uses mineral content and texture to categorize these rocks, ranging from to based on silica levels.
Textures in igneous rocks reveal their cooling history. Rapid cooling produces fine-grained or glassy textures, while slow cooling forms coarse-grained rocks. Common examples include basalt, granite, obsidian, and pumice, each with unique properties and uses.
Igneous Rock Classification
Classification of igneous rocks
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IUGS classification scheme employs mineral composition and texture as key parameters focuses on content and alkali feldspar to ratio (QAP diagram)
Felsic rocks contain high silica content (>63% SiO2) appear light-colored due to abundance of quartz and feldspars (granite, rhyolite)
Intermediate rocks possess moderate silica content (52-63% SiO2) blend light and dark minerals (diorite, andesite)
rocks have low silica content (45-52% SiO2) appear dark-colored due to abundance of ferromagnesian minerals (gabbro, basalt)
Ultramafic rocks contain very low silica content (<45% SiO2) appear very dark-colored composed mainly of and pyroxene (peridotite, dunite)
Textures in igneous rocks
exhibits fine-grained crystals not visible to naked eye results from rapid cooling of magma (basalt, rhyolite)
displays coarse-grained crystals visible to naked eye forms through slow cooling of magma (granite, gabbro)
shows mixed grain sizes with large crystals (phenocrysts) in fine-grained matrix (groundmass) indicates two-stage cooling process (porphyritic andesite)
contains small rounded cavities (vesicles) formed by trapped gas bubbles during rapid cooling common in volcanic rocks (pumice, scoria)
Formation of igneous textures
Cooling rate effects determine crystal size rapid cooling produces fine-grained or glassy textures slow cooling forms coarse-grained textures
Magma composition influences crystal formation felsic magmas tend to form larger crystals due to higher viscosity mafic magmas often produce smaller crystals due to lower viscosity
Volcanic environments promote rapid cooling resulting in fine-grained or glassy textures (obsidian, basalt)
Plutonic environments allow slow cooling leading to coarse-grained textures (granite, diorite)
Crystal growth factors include:
Nucleation rate: frequency of crystal seed formation
Growth rate: speed of crystal enlargement
Available space: room for crystals to develop without interference
Identification of common igneous rocks
Basalt exhibits mafic composition aphanitic texture dark color often contains vesicles used in construction (pavement, buildings)
Granite displays felsic composition phaneritic texture light color contains quartz, feldspar, and mafic minerals widely used in countertops and building facades
Obsidian shows felsic composition black or dark color formed by rapid cooling of lava historically used for tools and weapons
Pumice presents felsic composition vesicular texture light color low density formed by rapid cooling of gas-rich lava used in abrasives and lightweight concrete