1.2 Policing models and philosophies

Policing models shape how officers interact with communities. Traditional approaches focus on reactive crime control, while community-oriented strategies emphasize collaboration and problem-solving. These models reflect evolving philosophies about the role of law enforcement in society.

Problem-oriented and intelligence-led policing use data to target specific issues and guide decision-making. Meanwhile, theories like broken windows and procedural justice influence how officers approach their work and engage with the public. Understanding these models is key to grasping modern policing.

Policing Models

Traditional and Community-Oriented Approaches

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  Infographics: the 4 pillars of community policing — EUAM Ukraine View original

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  National Rollout of Community Policing Programme — EUAM Ukraine View original

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  Course Learning Objectives - Community Policing · Criminology Open View original

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• Traditional policing focuses on reactive law enforcement and crime control
  • Emphasizes rapid response to calls for service
  • Relies heavily on motorized patrol and arrests
  • Measures success through crime statistics and clearance rates
• Community policing promotes collaboration between police and citizens
  • Encourages proactive problem-solving and crime prevention
  • Involves community members in identifying local issues (neighborhood watch programs)
  • Fosters positive relationships through foot patrols and community meetings
  • Aims to increase public trust and police legitimacy

Problem-Oriented and Intelligence-Led Strategies

• Problem-oriented policing targets specific crime issues systematically
  • Utilizes the SARA model: Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment
  • Identifies underlying causes of recurring problems (repeat offenders, crime hot spots)
  • Develops tailored solutions involving multiple stakeholders
  • Evaluates effectiveness of interventions and adjusts strategies accordingly
• Intelligence-led policing leverages data analysis for strategic decision-making
  • Employs crime mapping and predictive analytics to allocate resources efficiently
  • Focuses on prolific offenders and high-risk locations
  • Integrates information from various sources (crime reports, informants, surveillance)
  • Guides tactical operations and long-term planning based on intelligence assessments

Policing Philosophies and Theories

Environmental and Enforcement-Based Approaches

• Broken windows theory links disorder to serious crime
  • Posits that visible signs of neglect (broken windows, graffiti) invite criminal activity
  • Advocates for addressing minor infractions to prevent escalation
  • Influences order maintenance policing strategies
  • Critics argue it may lead to over-policing of disadvantaged communities
• Zero-tolerance policing aggressively enforces all laws, even minor offenses
  • Aims to deter crime by creating an atmosphere of strict law enforcement
  • Often associated with "quality of life" initiatives in urban areas
  • Can result in increased arrests and citations for low-level violations
  • Controversial due to potential for discriminatory application and community tensions

Justice-Oriented and Evidence-Based Strategies

• Procedural justice emphasizes fair treatment in police-citizen interactions
  • Focuses on four key elements: voice, neutrality, respect, and trustworthiness
  • Aims to enhance police legitimacy and public cooperation
  • Encourages officers to explain their actions and listen to community concerns
  • Can lead to improved compliance with the law and reduced complaints against police
• Evidence-based policing applies scientific research to inform police practices
  • Relies on rigorous studies to identify effective strategies (randomized controlled trials)
  • Encourages continuous evaluation and improvement of policing methods
  • Promotes the use of data analysis to guide resource allocation and policy decisions
  • Challenges traditional assumptions about "what works" in law enforcement