Lipids come in various forms, each with unique structures and functions. , the main dietary fat, store energy. and form cell membranes. can be saturated or unsaturated, affecting their physical properties.
, like , play crucial roles in membrane structure and hormone synthesis. provide protective coatings in nature and have industrial uses. Understanding lipid types helps explain their diverse roles in nutrition and biology.
Triglycerides and Fatty Acids
Structure and Composition of Triglycerides
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Triglycerides consist of a backbone with three fatty acids attached through
Most common form of dietary lipids and the primary form of in the body
Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains with a at one end
Fatty acids can be saturated (no ) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds)
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
have no double bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain
Saturated fats are solid at room temperature (butter, lard, coconut oil)
have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain
have one double bond (olive oil, avocados, nuts)
have two or more double bonds (vegetable oils, fatty fish)
Unsaturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature
Phospholipids and Glycolipids
Structure and Function of Phospholipids
Phospholipids have a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached
The phosphate group is linked to a polar molecule (choline, serine, ethanolamine)
Phospholipids are with a and
Phospholipids are the primary components of cell membranes forming a bilayer structure
Glycolipids and Their Roles
Glycolipids have a glycerol backbone with one or two fatty acids and a carbohydrate group attached
The carbohydrate group can be a single sugar or a
Glycolipids are also amphipathic molecules found in cell membranes
Glycolipids play important roles in cell recognition, signaling, and adhesion
Sterols and Waxes
Cholesterol and Its Functions
Sterols are lipids with a four-ring structure and a
Cholesterol is the most common sterol in animal tissues
Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes influencing and
Cholesterol serves as a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D
Properties and Uses of Waxes
Waxes are esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols
Waxes have hydrophobic properties and are resistant to hydrolysis
Waxes provide protective coatings on surfaces (plant cuticles, insect exoskeletons, animal fur)
Waxes are used in various applications (candles, polishes, cosmetics, food coatings)