and are cosmic mysteries that shape our universe. These invisible forces make up 95% of the cosmos, influencing galaxy formation, cosmic structure, and the universe's expansion.
Scientists use observations like and to study dark matter and energy. Understanding these phenomena is crucial for explaining the universe's past, present, and future evolution.
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Definitions and Cosmic Composition
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Dark matter hypothetical form of matter exerts gravitational effects on visible matter without interacting with electromagnetic radiation
Dark energy hypothetical form of energy permeates all space drives accelerating expansion of the universe
Observable universe composition ~27% dark matter, ~68% dark energy, ~5% ordinary matter (protons, neutrons, electrons)
Dark matter provides gravitational scaffolding for visible matter to coalesce crucial for galaxy formation and structure
Dark energy counteracts gravity's attractive force on cosmic scales accelerates universe expansion
current standard model of cosmology incorporates dark matter and dark energy as fundamental components
Roles in Cosmic Structure
Dark matter forms of filaments and voids guides distribution of visible matter
Enhanced gravitational attraction between galaxies due to dark matter leads to formation of galaxy clusters and superclusters
Dark energy's repulsive effect counteracts matter's gravitational pull causes accelerating expansion of space over time
Balance between dark matter attraction and dark energy repulsion determines universe's ultimate fate (, )
Hierarchical model of galaxy formation relies on dark matter providing initial density fluctuations to seed structure growth
Relative densities of dark matter and dark energy influence space-time geometry and overall universe curvature
Evidence for Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Galactic and Cluster Observations
Galactic rotation curves reveal faster-than-expected galaxy rotation based on visible mass indicates presence of dark matter
Gravitational lensing observations show galaxy clusters contain more mass than visible matter alone can account for
temperature fluctuations provide evidence for dark matter in early universe
observations demonstrate distant galaxies moving away at accelerating rate supports existence of dark energy
Large-scale structure formation and galaxy cluster dynamics require dark matter to explain observed patterns and velocities
Bullet Cluster collision of two galaxy clusters provides direct empirical evidence for dark matter through gravitational lensing effects
Cosmological Implications
Dark matter enhances structure formation in the early universe explains observed distribution of galaxies and clusters
Cosmic microwave background power spectrum matches predictions of models including dark matter and dark energy
in large-scale structure surveys consistent with presence of dark matter and dark energy
map dark matter distribution across large areas of sky confirm its role in cosmic web formation
detection provides additional evidence for dark energy's influence on cosmic expansion
Big Bang nucleosynthesis predictions for light element abundances constrain amount of baryonic matter in universe support need for non-baryonic dark matter
Effects on the Universe
Structural Impact
Dark matter forms gravitational wells trap ordinary matter lead to galaxy and star formation
Filamentary structure of cosmic web shaped by dark matter distribution guides flow of baryonic matter
Galaxy rotation stabilized by dark matter halos prevents rapid disintegration of spiral arms
Gravitational lensing effects enhanced by dark matter concentrations allow observation of distant galaxies and quasars
Dark matter bridges between galaxies in clusters facilitate mergers and interactions shape galactic evolution
Dwarf galaxies abundance and distribution around larger galaxies explained by dark matter substructure
Evolutionary Consequences
Universe expansion history influenced by changing balance between dark matter attraction and dark energy repulsion
Structure growth rate in universe affected by dark energy slows down as expansion accelerates
Galaxy cluster formation and evolution modulated by interplay between dark matter concentration and dark energy expansion
Cosmic voids grow larger over time as dark energy pushes matter away from underdense regions
Future of cosmic structures (galaxies, clusters) determined by long-term dominance of dark energy
Potential for "Big Rip" scenario if dark energy strength increases over time could tear apart all bound structures
Theories of Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Dark Matter Candidates
leading dark matter candidate predicted by supersymmetry theories in particle physics
hypothetical particles proposed to solve strong CP problem in quantum chromodynamics potential explanation for dark matter
hypothetical particles related to standard neutrinos could account for dark matter properties
formed in early universe proposed as alternative to particle dark matter
models attempt to explain observed galaxy core densities and cluster dynamics
ultra-light boson particles could explain some small-scale structure observations
Dark Energy Models
simplest dark energy model represents energy density of vacuum originally proposed by Einstein
propose dynamic scalar field as alternative to cosmological constant explain dark energy
hypothetical form of dark energy with negative kinetic energy could lead to Big Rip scenario
Modified gravity theories (MOND) attempt to explain galactic dynamics without invoking dark matter
propose dark energy properties vary depending on local matter density
Quantum field theory in curved spacetime and holographic principle explored to reconcile dark energy with quantum mechanics