1.1 Microphones

Microphones are essential tools for capturing high-quality audio in reporting. From dynamic to condenser types, each microphone offers unique characteristics suited for different recording scenarios. Understanding these differences helps journalists choose the right equipment for their needs.

Proper microphone technique is crucial for clear, balanced audio. This includes correct placement, managing proximity effect, and reducing handling noise. Reporters must also consider environmental factors, background noise, and multiple speaker scenarios to ensure optimal audio quality in various recording situations.

Types of microphones

• Microphones serve as crucial tools in audio and video reporting, converting sound waves into electrical signals
• Different microphone types offer varying sound capture qualities, impacting the overall audio recording in journalism
• Understanding microphone types helps reporters choose the right equipment for specific interview or field recording scenarios

Dynamic vs condenser microphones

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• Dynamic microphones use electromagnetic induction to generate signals
  • Rugged construction makes them suitable for outdoor reporting and loud sound sources
  • Require no external power source, ideal for remote locations
• Condenser microphones utilize an electrically-charged diaphragm for enhanced sensitivity
  • Capture more nuanced audio details, beneficial for studio interviews
  • Require phantom power, limiting their use in some field situations
• Dynamic mics excel in high-volume environments (live events)
• Condenser mics provide superior clarity for voiceovers and controlled settings

Omnidirectional vs unidirectional patterns

• Omnidirectional microphones pick up sound from all directions equally
  • Useful for capturing ambient noise or multiple speakers in a roundtable discussion
  • Can lead to unwanted background noise in busy environments
• Unidirectional microphones focus on sound from a specific direction
  • Cardioid pattern picks up sound primarily from the front
  • Supercardioid and hypercardioid patterns offer even narrower pickup angles
• Unidirectional mics help isolate the primary sound source (interviewee's voice)
• Pattern choice affects the mic's ability to reject off-axis sounds (traffic noise)

Lavalier vs handheld microphones

• Lavalier (lav) microphones are small, clip-on devices
  • Provide hands-free operation for on-camera talent or interviewees
  • Often used in television news broadcasts and documentary interviews
• Handheld microphones offer versatility and control
  • Allow for quick repositioning during interviews or field reporting
  • Commonly used in ENG (Electronic News Gathering) situations
• Lav mics maintain consistent audio levels as the subject moves
• Handheld mics enable the reporter to direct the microphone towards different sound sources

Microphone specifications

Frequency response

• Describes the microphone's sensitivity to different sound frequencies
• Measured in Hertz (Hz), typically ranging from 20 Hz to 20 kHz
• Flat response mics reproduce all frequencies equally, ideal for accurate sound capture
• Tailored response mics may boost certain frequencies (presence boost for vocals)
• Understanding frequency response helps choose mics for specific audio sources (bass-heavy vs treble-rich)

Sensitivity and gain

• Sensitivity measures the microphone's ability to convert acoustic energy into electrical signals
• Expressed in decibels (dB) relative to 1 volt per pascal (dBV/Pa)
• Higher sensitivity mics produce stronger output signals for a given sound pressure level
• Gain refers to the amplification applied to the microphone's signal
• Proper gain staging prevents distortion and ensures optimal signal-to-noise ratio
• Low-sensitivity mics may require more gain, potentially introducing noise in the signal chain

Impedance and connectivity

• Impedance represents the microphone's resistance to electrical current flow
• Low impedance mics (typically below 600 ohms) allow for longer cable runs without signal degradation
• High impedance mics are more susceptible to interference and cable length limitations
• Connectivity options include XLR (balanced), 1/4" TRS, and 3.5mm (unbalanced) connectors
• XLR connections provide better noise rejection and are standard in professional audio equipment
• Impedance matching between microphones and preamps ensures optimal signal transfer and quality

Microphone techniques

Proper mic placement

• Critical for capturing clear, balanced audio in reporting scenarios
• Distance from the sound source affects volume, tonal balance, and ambient noise pickup
• For interviews, position the mic 6-12 inches from the speaker's mouth
• Angle the microphone slightly off-axis to reduce plosives and sibilance
• In group settings, use techniques like the "X/Y" or "M/S" stereo mic placement for balanced coverage
• Consider the acoustic properties of the recording environment when positioning microphones

Proximity effect

• Increase in bass response as the microphone moves closer to the sound source
• More pronounced in directional (cardioid) microphones
• Can be used creatively to add warmth to voices or instruments
• May require adjustment of mic placement or EQ to compensate for unwanted bass boost
• Understanding proximity effect helps maintain consistent tone across different speaking distances

Handling noise reduction

• Minimize unwanted sounds caused by physical contact with the microphone
• Use proper handheld technique, gripping the mic firmly but gently
• Employ shock mounts to isolate microphones from vibrations in stands or boom poles
• Choose microphones with built-in handling noise reduction features for ENG applications
• Practice smooth movements when repositioning microphones during recording
• Use windscreens or foam covers to reduce noise from light handling or air movement

Audio recording considerations

Indoor vs outdoor environments

• Indoor environments offer more control over acoustic conditions
  • Consider room reflections and potential for echo or reverb
  • Be aware of HVAC systems, fluorescent lights, and other ambient noise sources
• Outdoor settings present challenges with unpredictable sound elements
  • Wind noise can significantly impact audio quality
  • Background sounds (traffic, wildlife) may interfere with the primary audio
• Adapt microphone choice and placement based on the recording environment
• Use acoustic treatments or find natural sound barriers in challenging locations

Dealing with background noise

• Identify and mitigate unwanted sound sources before recording
• Use directional microphones to focus on the primary audio source
• Position subjects away from noisy areas when possible
• Employ noise reduction techniques in post-production (EQ, noise gates)
• Consider recording room tone or ambient sound for seamless editing
• Use multiple microphones to capture clean audio from different sources simultaneously

Multiple speaker scenarios

• Choose appropriate microphone setups for interviews, panel discussions, or group conversations
• Options include individual lavalier mics, shared handheld mics, or strategically placed area mics
• Consider using a portable audio mixer for balancing multiple microphone inputs
• Establish clear turn-taking protocols to minimize overlapping speech
• Be prepared to adjust microphone placement or gain levels for speakers with varying voice volumes
• Use post-production techniques to balance and clarify multiple speaker audio tracks

Microphone accessories

Windscreens and pop filters

• Windscreens reduce wind noise in outdoor recording situations
  • Foam windscreens provide basic protection for light breezes
  • Furry "dead cat" windscreens offer superior wind noise reduction in harsh conditions
• Pop filters minimize plosive sounds (p, b, t) in close-mic vocal recordings
  • Typically used in studio environments for voiceovers or narration
  • Can be integrated into some microphone designs or added as separate accessories
• Both accessories help maintain audio clarity without significantly altering the mic's frequency response

Shock mounts and stands

• Shock mounts isolate microphones from vibrations transmitted through stands or boom poles
  • Utilize elastic suspension systems to absorb unwanted movement
  • Particularly useful for sensitive condenser microphones
• Microphone stands provide stable positioning for various recording scenarios
  • Desktop stands work well for podcasting or seated interviews
  • Floor stands with boom arms offer flexibility for standing interviews or instrument miking
  • Portable stands or clamps adapt to different field recording situations

Wireless microphone systems

• Consist of a transmitter (connected to or built into the mic) and a receiver
• Provide freedom of movement for on-camera talent or interviewees
• Available in handheld, lavalier, and headset configurations
• Consider factors like transmission range, battery life, and frequency agility
• Be aware of local regulations regarding wireless microphone frequencies
• Use encryption features to ensure privacy in sensitive recording situations

Microphone maintenance

Cleaning and storage

• Regular cleaning extends microphone life and maintains optimal performance
  • Use soft, lint-free cloths for exterior cleaning
  • Clean foam windscreens with mild soap and water, ensuring thorough drying
• Proper storage protects microphones from damage and environmental factors
  • Store in padded cases or pouches when not in use
  • Use desiccant packets in storage containers to control moisture
• Handle microphones with care, avoiding drops or impacts
• Keep cables neatly coiled to prevent tangling and connector stress

Troubleshooting common issues

• Identify and address audio problems systematically
  • No signal: Check cable connections, phantom power (for condensers), and input settings
  • Distortion: Reduce input gain, check for faulty cables or connectors
  • Intermittent signal: Inspect cables for damage, clean connectors
• Test microphones before important recordings to catch potential issues
• Carry backup microphones and cables for critical assignments
• Document common problems and solutions for quick reference in the field

Extending microphone lifespan

• Rotate microphone usage to distribute wear evenly across your inventory
• Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures, humidity, or direct sunlight
• Use appropriate microphones for specific applications to prevent overload or damage
• Perform regular maintenance checks, including cable integrity and connector tightness
• Keep detailed records of microphone usage, maintenance, and repairs
• Invest in high-quality microphones and accessories for better durability and longevity

Digital audio interfaces

XLR vs USB connections

• XLR connections are standard in professional audio equipment
  • Balanced signal transmission reduces noise over long cable runs
  • Allows for use of traditional analog microphones with digital interfaces
• USB microphones integrate the audio interface into the microphone itself
  • Simplify setup for computer-based recording
  • Limited to the microphone's built-in preamp and A/D converter
• XLR connections offer more flexibility and upgrade potential
• USB mics provide a compact, all-in-one solution for mobile recording setups

Phantom power requirements

• Phantom power supplies DC voltage (usually +48V) through XLR cables
• Required for most condenser microphones to operate their internal electronics
• Typically provided by audio interfaces, mixers, or dedicated phantom power supplies
• Some dynamic microphones with active electronics also benefit from phantom power
• Always check microphone specifications before applying phantom power
• Turn phantom power off when connecting or disconnecting microphones to prevent damage

Mic preamps and gain staging

• Microphone preamplifiers boost the low-level microphone signal to line level
• Quality of the preamp significantly impacts the overall sound of the recording
• Gain staging involves setting appropriate signal levels throughout the audio chain
  • Start with the preamp gain, adjusting for optimal signal-to-noise ratio
  • Avoid overloading the preamp or subsequent stages (A/D converter)
• Use audio meters to monitor levels, aiming for peaks around -12 to -6 dBFS
• Consider external preamps for improved sound quality or additional features
• Proper gain staging ensures clean, distortion-free recordings with maximum dynamic range