✍️Screenwriting II Unit 11 – Screenplay Format & Industry Standards

Key Elements of Screenplay Format

• Includes specific font (Courier), font size (12 point), and line spacing (single) to ensure consistent page count and readability
• Utilizes a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters to distinguish between different elements (scene headings, character names, dialogue, etc.)
• Adheres to a standard page layout with specific margins (1.5" left, 1" right, 1" top and bottom) to create a professional appearance
• Employs a three-act structure (setup, confrontation, resolution) to organize the story and maintain pacing
• Uses indentation and capitalization to visually separate and emphasize different components of the script (dialogue, parentheticals, transitions)
  • Dialogue is centered on the page and begins 2.5" from the left margin
  • Parentheticals are placed 3" from the left margin and 2" from the right margin
• Limits the use of camera directions, focusing instead on describing the action and dialogue
• Aims for a page count between 90-120 pages, with one page roughly equating to one minute of screen time

Page Layout and Margins

• Top and bottom margins are set to 1" to provide adequate space for page numbers and other header/footer information
• Left margin is set to 1.5" to accommodate the hole-punch area and provide space for binding
• Right margin is set to 1" to maintain a consistent line length and prevent dialogue from extending too far across the page
• Page numbers are typically placed in the top right corner, 0.5" from the top of the page and 1" from the right margin
• Scene headings begin at the left margin and are followed by a blank line to separate them from the action lines
• Character names are indented 3.7" from the left margin and are always capitalized to make them easily identifiable
• Dialogue is centered on the page, beginning 2.5" from the left margin and extending no more than 3" from the right margin
  • This ensures that dialogue is easily readable and does not appear cramped on the page

Scene Headings and Descriptions

• Scene headings, also known as slug lines, indicate the location and time of a scene using a standardized format: INT./EXT. LOCATION - DAY/NIGHT
  • INT. denotes an interior scene, while EXT. denotes an exterior scene
  • LOCATION describes the specific place where the scene takes place (e.g., JOHN'S APARTMENT, CENTRAL PARK)
  • DAY or NIGHT specifies the time of day
• Scene descriptions, also called action lines, follow the scene heading and describe the setting, characters, and action taking place
  • Written in present tense and third-person, focusing on what is visible and audible on screen
  • Avoid using camera directions or editing terms, as these are typically left to the director's discretion
• Use a single blank line to separate the scene heading from the action lines, and double-space between scenes
• Employ white space strategically to make the script more visually appealing and easier to read
• Keep scene descriptions concise and evocative, using strong verbs and sensory details to convey the mood and atmosphere

Character Introductions and Dialogue

• When a character first appears in the script, their name is capitalized within the action lines, followed by a brief description of their age, appearance, and defining characteristics
  • Example: JOHN DOE (30s, tall, ruggedly handsome) enters the room with a confident stride.
• Subsequent mentions of the character use capitalized names without the description
• Dialogue is centered on the page, with the character's name capitalized and indented 3.7" from the left margin
• Parentheticals, which provide brief descriptions of a character's action or tone, appear in lowercase beneath the character's name, enclosed in parentheses
  • Example: JOHN (smiling) I've been waiting for this moment.
• Use a single blank line between dialogue and action lines to maintain clarity and readability
• Employ subtext and implication in dialogue to reveal character motivations and relationships without explicitly stating them

Action Lines and Transitions

• Action lines describe the visual and auditory elements of a scene, focusing on what the camera sees and the audience experiences
• Use strong, active verbs to convey movement, emotion, and sensory details
  • Example: The car SCREECHES to a halt, leaving a trail of smoke in its wake.
• Capitalize sound effects and important props or elements to draw attention to them
  • Example: The GUN trembles in John's hand as he aims it at the MYSTERIOUS FIGURE.
• Transitions indicate how one scene flows into the next and are always capitalized and placed flush right on the page
  • Common transitions include CUT TO:, DISSOLVE TO:, and FADE OUT.
• Use transitions sparingly, as overuse can disrupt the flow of the story and make the script feel choppy
• Employ action lines to reveal character through behavior and interaction with the environment, rather than relying solely on dialogue

Industry-Standard Software and Tools

• Final Draft is the most widely-used screenwriting software in the industry, offering a range of templates, formatting options, and collaboration tools
• Other popular alternatives include Movie Magic Screenwriter, Celtx, and WriterDuet, each with their own unique features and pricing models
• Screenwriting software automatically formats scripts to industry standards, ensuring consistent margins, font, and spacing
  • This saves time and allows writers to focus on the creative aspects of the writing process
• Many software options include built-in outlining, storyboarding, and note-taking tools to help writers organize their ideas and track character arcs
• Cloud-based software like WriterDuet and Celtx enable real-time collaboration, allowing multiple writers to work on the same script simultaneously
• Some software also offers integration with other industry-standard tools, such as budgeting and scheduling software, to streamline the production process

Common Formatting Mistakes to Avoid

• Overusing camera directions and editing terms, which can make the script feel more like a shooting script than a spec script
  • Example: "CAMERA PANS across the room, revealing a CLOSE-UP of John's face."
• Inconsistent or incorrect use of capitalization, particularly in character names, sound effects, and transitions
• Failing to maintain proper margins and indentation, which can make the script appear unprofessional and difficult to read
• Overwriting action lines and scene descriptions, which can slow down the pacing and detract from the story
  • Aim for brevity and clarity, focusing on the most essential visual and auditory elements
• Neglecting to use proper slugline format, which can confuse readers and make it difficult to track the story's location and timeline
• Using an inconsistent or inappropriate font, which can make the script appear amateurish and unprofessional
  • Stick to industry-standard fonts like Courier or Courier Final Draft
• Exceeding the recommended page count for the genre and type of script (e.g., feature film, TV pilot, short film)

Adapting Format for Different Genres

• Action and thriller scripts often employ shorter, punchier sentences in action lines to convey a sense of urgency and momentum
  • Example: "Bullets RICOCHET off the walls. John DIVES for cover, narrowly avoiding the hail of gunfire."
• Comedy scripts may use more descriptive and humorous action lines to set up jokes and convey a lighthearted tone
  • Example: "John stumbles into the room, his shirt inside out and his hair resembling a bird's nest."
• Drama and character-driven scripts often include more detailed descriptions of characters' internal thoughts and emotions
  • Example: "Sarah stares out the window, her eyes filled with a mixture of longing and regret."
• Sci-fi and fantasy scripts may require more world-building in action lines to establish the unique setting and rules of the universe
  • Example: "The towering, bioluminescent trees cast an eerie glow across the alien landscape."
• Horror scripts often employ vivid sensory details and unsettling imagery to create a sense of dread and unease
  • Example: "The floorboards CREAK beneath John's feet as he inches down the darkened hallway, the stench of decay growing stronger with each step."
• When adapting a script from another medium (e.g., novel, stage play), be mindful of the unique constraints and opportunities of the screenplay format
  • Focus on translating the story into a visual and auditory experience, rather than relying on internal monologue or exposition