3.8 Performance and post-production

Performance audio is crucial for creating immersive theatrical experiences. It involves live sound reinforcement, mixing techniques, and system optimization to enhance storytelling and engage audiences effectively.

Sound designers must master fundamentals like amplification, speaker placement, and signal flow. They also need skills in front-of-house operations, monitor mixing, and sound system optimization to ensure clarity and consistent quality throughout the theater space.

Fundamentals of performance audio

• Sound design for theater requires a deep understanding of performance audio to create immersive experiences
• Performance audio encompasses live sound reinforcement, mixing techniques, and system optimization
• Mastery of these fundamentals enables sound designers to enhance storytelling and audience engagement

Live sound reinforcement basics

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• Amplification systems boost acoustic sound sources for larger venues
• Speaker placement optimizes coverage and minimizes feedback (line arrays, point source)
• Signal flow from microphones through mixing console to amplifiers and speakers
• Gain structure maintains proper levels throughout the audio chain
• Importance of proper cabling and connectors (XLR, TRS, speakON)

Front of house operations

• Mixing console setup and channel strip configuration
• Creating and managing input lists and patch sheets
• Implementing scene recalls for different acts or scenes
• Monitoring levels using VU meters and spectrum analyzers
• Communication systems between FOH and backstage (clearcom, radio)

Monitor mixing techniques

• In-ear monitors vs. wedge monitors for performers
• Creating individual mixes for different stage positions
• Managing monitor levels to prevent stage bleed
• Use of aux sends and matrices for complex monitor setups
• Techniques for reducing feedback in monitor systems (graphic EQs, ring out)

Sound system optimization

• Crucial for achieving consistent sound quality throughout the theater space
• Involves analyzing room acoustics, equalizing the system, and preventing feedback
• Optimization ensures clarity, intelligibility, and even coverage for all audience members

Room acoustics analysis

• Measuring reverberation time (RT60) in different frequency bands
• Identifying problematic reflections and standing waves
• Using tools like REW (Room EQ Wizard) for frequency response analysis
• Addressing acoustic issues with treatments (absorption, diffusion)
• Importance of speaker placement and aiming in relation to room acoustics

Equalization and tuning

• System-wide equalization to compensate for room characteristics
• Parametric EQ for precise adjustments in problematic frequency ranges
• Graphic EQ for overall tonal shaping and feedback control
• Using pink noise and frequency sweeps for system alignment
• Importance of critical listening during the tuning process

Feedback prevention strategies

• Identifying feedback-prone frequencies with ring-out procedures
• Proper microphone and speaker placement to increase gain before feedback
• Using notch filters or feedback suppressors on problematic frequencies
• Implementing directional microphones (cardioid, supercardioid) when appropriate
• Managing overall system gain structure to maintain headroom

Live mixing techniques

• Essential skills for creating a balanced and dynamic sound during performances
• Involves managing multiple audio sources and applying appropriate processing
• Requires quick decision-making and adaptability to changing stage conditions

Dynamic range control

• Using compressors to even out level variations in vocals and instruments
• Setting appropriate attack and release times for different sound sources
• Implementing limiters to prevent sudden peaks and protect the system
• Multiband compression for frequency-specific dynamic control
• Parallel compression techniques for adding depth without losing transients

Effects processing in performance

• Reverb types and parameters for creating sense of space (plate, hall, room)
• Delay effects for adding depth and width to the mix (slapback, ping-pong)
• Modulation effects for creating movement and texture (chorus, flanger)
• Time-based effects automation for scene transitions or special moments
• Balancing wet/dry mix to maintain clarity while enhancing the sound

Balancing multiple sources

• Prioritizing dialogue intelligibility in theatrical performances
• Creating depth in the mix through level relationships and panning
• Handling ensemble scenes with multiple speaking characters
• Blending live instruments with pre-recorded tracks or sound effects
• Using VCAs and DCA groups for efficient level management

Recording live performances

• Captures the energy and nuances of live theater for posterity or distribution
• Requires careful planning and redundancy to ensure successful documentation
• Balances the need for high-quality audio with minimal interference to the performance

Multitrack recording setup

• Choosing appropriate recording formats and bit depths (24-bit/48kHz)
• Direct outs vs. split snake for capturing individual channels
• Configuring a separate recording mix independent of FOH mix
• Setting proper gain staging and headroom for clean recordings
• Implementing redundant recording systems to prevent data loss

Audience capture techniques

• Stereo microphone techniques for capturing room ambience (XY, ORTF)
• Placement of audience mics to capture reactions without picking up PA bleed
• Using boundary mics or PZMs for unobtrusive stage sound capture
• Balancing close-miked sources with room mics for natural sound
• Techniques for capturing surround sound for immersive playback

Backup recording strategies

• Utilizing multiple recording devices (main recorder, backup recorder)
• Implementing redundant power supplies to prevent interruptions
• Regular disk space checks and management during long performances
• Creating intermission backups to safeguard first-half recordings
• Establishing a protocol for quickly swapping recording media if needed