3.1 Writing for the ear

Writing for broadcast requires a unique approach. It's all about crafting clear, concise messages that resonate with viewers and listeners. The key is to use a conversational tone, active voice, and present tense to create immediacy.

Broadcast writing differs from print in several ways. It emphasizes shorter sentences, simpler language, and a focus on engaging the audience through storytelling and personalization. The goal is to make complex information easy to understand when heard, not read.

Principles of writing for broadcast

• Writing for broadcast requires a unique set of principles to effectively communicate information to viewers and listeners
• These principles help ensure that the message is clear, concise, and easily understood by the audience

Conversational tone and style

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• Use a conversational and friendly tone to make the content more relatable and engaging for the audience
• Write as if you are speaking directly to one person rather than a large group
• Use contractions (you're, it's, we'll) to sound more natural and conversational
• Avoid using a formal or academic writing style that may come across as stilted or impersonal

Active voice and present tense

• Use active voice to make sentences more direct, clear, and engaging (The president announced the new policy)
• Avoid passive voice, which can make sentences longer and less clear (The new policy was announced by the president)
• Write in the present tense to create a sense of immediacy and relevance for the audience
• Use past tense when referring to events that have already happened and future tense for upcoming events

Simplicity and clarity

• Use simple and straightforward language that is easy for the audience to understand
• Avoid using complex sentence structures or long paragraphs that may be difficult to follow
• Break down complex ideas into smaller, more manageable parts
• Use concrete and specific language rather than abstract or vague terms

Avoiding jargon and acronyms

• Minimize the use of technical jargon or industry-specific terms that may confuse the audience
• When necessary, explain unfamiliar terms or concepts in plain language
• Avoid using acronyms without first explaining what they stand for
• If an acronym is used repeatedly, spell it out the first time and then use the acronym in subsequent mentions

Differences between print and broadcast writing

• Writing for broadcast differs from writing for print in several key ways
• Understanding these differences is essential for crafting effective broadcast scripts

Immediacy and urgency in broadcast

• Broadcast writing often conveys a sense of immediacy and urgency, as the news is being delivered in real-time
• Use present tense and active voice to create a sense of "happening now"
• Emphasize the most important and timely information at the beginning of the script
• Use words and phrases that convey urgency (breaking news, developing story, latest updates)

Shorter sentences and paragraphs

• Broadcast scripts generally have shorter sentences and paragraphs compared to print
• Aim for an average sentence length of 20 words or less
• Break up long sentences into shorter, more manageable ones
• Use short paragraphs (1-3 sentences) to make the script easier to read and deliver

Writing for the listener vs reader

• In broadcast, the audience is listening to the information rather than reading it
• Write scripts that are easy to understand when heard, rather than read
• Use a conversational tone and style that mimics natural speech patterns
• Avoid using complex sentence structures or long clauses that may be difficult to follow when heard

Techniques for engaging the audience

• Engaging the audience is crucial in broadcast writing to maintain interest and convey information effectively
• Several techniques can be used to make broadcast scripts more compelling and memorable

Storytelling and narrative structure

• Use storytelling techniques to make the information more engaging and relatable
• Structure the script with a clear beginning, middle, and end
• Use a narrative arc that builds tension, climax, and resolution
• Focus on the human element of the story to create an emotional connection with the audience

Personalizing the story

• Make the story more relatable by focusing on how it affects real people
• Use personal anecdotes or examples to illustrate the impact of the story
• Include soundbites or quotes from people directly involved or affected by the issue
• Highlight the human interest aspect of the story to make it more compelling

Using analogies and examples

• Use analogies to explain complex or abstract concepts in a more relatable way (The economy is like a car engine)
• Provide concrete examples to illustrate key points and make the information more memorable
• Use vivid and descriptive language to paint a picture in the listener's mind
• Compare unfamiliar concepts to familiar ones to help the audience understand

Incorporating natural sound and soundbites

• Use natural sound (ambient noise, background sounds) to create a sense of place and immersion
• Include soundbites (short audio clips) from interviews or events to add authenticity and credibility
• Use sound to enhance the emotional impact of the story (cheering crowd, somber music)
• Balance the use of sound with the need for clear and concise narration

Crafting effective lead-ins and transitions

• Lead-ins and transitions are essential elements of broadcast writing that help guide the audience through the story
• Effective lead-ins and transitions can make the script more engaging and easier to follow

Grabbing attention with the lead

• Start the script with a strong and attention-grabbing lead that hooks the audience
• Use active voice and present tense to create a sense of immediacy
• Focus on the most important or interesting aspect of the story
• Avoid using clichés or generic phrases that may bore the audience

Transitioning smoothly between ideas

• Use transitions to link different ideas or sections of the script together
• Ensure that transitions are logical and coherent, guiding the audience from one point to the next
• Use phrases that signal a shift in focus (meanwhile, in other news, on a related note)
• Avoid abrupt or jarring transitions that may confuse or disorient the audience

Teasing upcoming information

• Use teases to hint at upcoming information and keep the audience engaged
• Place teases at the end of a section or before a commercial break
• Use language that creates anticipation or curiosity (coming up, you won't want to miss)
• Avoid giving away too much information in the tease, as it may spoil the surprise or reduce interest

Considerations for different formats

• Broadcast writing varies depending on the format and context of the news story
• Different formats require different approaches to writing and presentation

Writing for anchors and reporters

• Tailor the script to the specific role and style of the anchor or reporter
• Consider the anchor's or reporter's strengths and weaknesses when crafting the script
• Use a conversational tone that sounds natural when delivered by the anchor or reporter
• Ensure that the script is easy to read and understand, with clear pronunciation and emphasis

Adapting to package vs reader vs VOSOTs

• Packages are pre-recorded and edited stories that require a more comprehensive script
• Readers are shorter scripts read live by the anchor, often with accompanying graphics or video
• VOSOTs (Voice Over/Sound on Tape) are scripts read live by the anchor over video or sound clips
• Adjust the length, structure, and content of the script to fit the specific format

Tailoring to specific newscasts and timeslots

• Consider the target audience and tone of the specific newscast (morning, evening, late night)
• Tailor the content and presentation style to the preferences and expectations of the audience
• Adjust the length and pacing of the script to fit the allocated timeslot
• Ensure that the script aligns with the overall theme and flow of the newscast

Editing and refining broadcast scripts

• Editing and refining broadcast scripts is an essential part of the writing process
• Careful editing can improve the clarity, concision, and impact of the script

Reading scripts aloud for flow and timing

• Read the script aloud to check for flow, pacing, and clarity
• Ensure that the script sounds natural and conversational when spoken
• Time the script to ensure that it fits within the allocated timeslot
• Make adjustments to the script as needed based on the read-through

Cutting unnecessary words and phrases

• Eliminate unnecessary words or phrases that do not add value to the script
• Look for redundant or repetitive language that can be streamlined
• Use contractions and abbreviations when appropriate to save time and space
• Focus on the most essential information and remove any extraneous details

Collaborating with producers and editors

• Work closely with producers and editors to refine the script and ensure it meets the needs of the newscast
• Be open to feedback and suggestions for improvement
• Discuss any concerns or issues with the script and work together to find solutions
• Ensure that the final script is polished, accurate, and ready for broadcast

Best practices for attribution and sourcing

• Proper attribution and sourcing are critical for maintaining credibility and trust with the audience
• Follow best practices to ensure that sources are clearly identified and information is verified

Identifying sources clearly and credibly

• Clearly identify the source of any information or quotes used in the script
• Use specific and credible sources, such as experts, officials, or reputable organizations
• Provide context or background information about the source to establish their credibility
• Use phrases like "according to" or "as reported by" to attribute information to sources

Avoiding anonymous or unclear attribution

• Avoid using anonymous sources or vague attribution (some people say, it is believed)
• If an anonymous source must be used, provide as much context as possible about their credibility and motivation
• Be transparent about any limitations or uncertainties in the sourcing of information
• Avoid using sources that cannot be independently verified or confirmed

Fact-checking and verifying information

• Verify all information and quotes used in the script for accuracy and context
• Double-check names, titles, dates, and other factual details
• Consult multiple sources to confirm information and avoid relying on a single source
• If there are any doubts or uncertainties about the accuracy of information, do not include it in the script

Challenges and pitfalls to avoid

• Writing for broadcast can be challenging, and there are several pitfalls to avoid
• Being aware of these challenges can help writers craft more effective and impactful scripts

Clichés and overused phrases

• Avoid using clichés or overused phrases that may come across as trite or insincere (time will tell, at the end of the day)
• Look for fresh and original ways to express ideas or convey information
• Use specific and vivid language that paints a clear picture in the audience's mind
• Avoid using generic or vague language that may not resonate with the audience

Editorializing or inserting opinion

• Avoid editorializing or inserting personal opinions into the script
• Stick to the facts and let the audience draw their own conclusions
• Use neutral and objective language that does not show bias or favoritism
• Clearly distinguish between factual reporting and commentary or analysis

Insensitive or biased language

• Avoid using language that is insensitive, biased, or offensive to any group or individual
• Be aware of the connotations and implications of the words and phrases used in the script
• Use inclusive and respectful language that does not perpetuate stereotypes or discrimination
• Consult style guides or diversity resources for guidance on appropriate language and terminology

Errors in grammar or pronunciation

• Double-check the script for errors in grammar, spelling, or punctuation
• Ensure that all names and terms are correctly pronounced and emphasized
• Use a consistent style and format throughout the script
• Have another person review the script for errors or inconsistencies before broadcast.