13.2 Privacy and Information Security

Privacy and information security are crucial in our digital world. Companies must protect personal data and respect individuals' rights. This includes getting consent, following laws like GDPR, and having clear privacy policies.

Cybersecurity practices like encryption and access controls are essential. Managing your digital footprint is important too. Be mindful of what you share online and use privacy settings to control your information.

Data Protection and Privacy Rights

Principles of Data Privacy

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• Data protection involves safeguarding personal information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction
• Confidentiality ensures that personal data is not disclosed to unauthorized parties and is protected from improper use
• Informed consent requires organizations to obtain explicit permission from individuals before collecting, using, or sharing their personal data
• Informed consent allows individuals to make informed decisions about how their data will be used and shared (opt-in vs opt-out)

Legal Frameworks for Data Protection

• GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) is a comprehensive data protection law in the European Union that sets strict requirements for how personal data must be collected, processed, and stored
  • Applies to all organizations that process the personal data of EU citizens, regardless of where the organization is located
  • Requires organizations to obtain explicit consent, provide clear privacy notices, and allow individuals to access, correct, and delete their personal data
• Privacy policies are legal documents that explain how an organization collects, uses, and protects personal data
  • Must be easily accessible, written in plain language, and cover all relevant aspects of data processing
  • Should include information about data sharing with third parties, data retention periods, and individuals' rights under applicable laws
• Right to be forgotten (also known as the right to erasure) allows individuals to request that their personal data be deleted when it is no longer necessary for the original purpose, or when they withdraw consent
  • Enshrined in the GDPR and other data protection laws
  • Balances individual privacy rights with other interests such as freedom of expression and public record-keeping

Information Security Measures

Cybersecurity Practices

• Cybersecurity involves protecting computer systems, networks, programs, and data from digital attacks, unauthorized access, and damage
• Encryption is the process of converting data into a code or cipher to prevent unauthorized access
  • Ensures that even if data is intercepted or stolen, it cannot be read or used without the decryption key
  • Common encryption methods include SSL/TLS for secure web traffic and AES for encrypting files and databases
• Data breaches occur when sensitive or confidential data is accessed, copied, transmitted, viewed, stolen, or used by an unauthorized individual
  • Can result from hacking, malware, insider threats, human error, or lost/stolen devices
  • Organizations must have incident response plans to detect, contain, and recover from data breaches and notify affected individuals

Secure Data Management

• Access controls restrict access to sensitive data based on user roles and permissions (principle of least privilege)
• Regular software updates and security patches help prevent vulnerabilities from being exploited by attackers
• Employee training on cybersecurity best practices (strong passwords, identifying phishing emails, handling sensitive data) is crucial for preventing human error and insider threats
• Secure data destruction ensures that data is permanently erased and cannot be recovered when it is no longer needed (shredding, degaussing, secure wiping)

Online Presence

Digital Footprint Management

• Digital footprint refers to the trail of data and information that individuals leave behind through their online activities and interactions
  • Includes social media posts, online purchases, search history, geolocation data, and more
  • Can be used to profile individuals for targeted advertising, employment screening, or other purposes
• Individuals should be mindful of what they post and share online, as it can have long-term consequences for their reputation and privacy
• Privacy settings on social media and other online accounts allow individuals to control who can see their posts and personal information
• Regular monitoring and googling oneself can help identify and manage unwanted online content or impersonation
• The right to be forgotten can be exercised to remove irrelevant or outdated information from search results, giving individuals more control over their online presence