are crucial for understanding real gas behavior. They measure how actual gases deviate from ideal gas models, helping engineers predict and analyze real-world systems more accurately.
and are key concepts in this topic. They provide practical tools for calculating properties of , essential for designing and optimizing processes in industries like chemical engineering and HVAC.
Residual Properties
Relationship between Residual Properties and Ideal Gas State
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Residual properties quantify the deviation of a real gas from the behavior of an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure
Calculated by subtracting the property value for an ideal gas from the actual property value of the real gas
serves as a reference point for comparing the behavior of real gases
In an ideal gas, molecules have no intermolecular forces and occupy negligible volume
Real gases deviate from ideal gas behavior due to intermolecular interactions and finite molecular volume
Residual Gibbs Free Energy, Enthalpy, and Entropy
(GR) represents the difference between the actual Gibbs free energy of a real gas and that of an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure
Quantifies the non-ideality of a gas in terms of Gibbs free energy
Positive GR indicates a higher Gibbs free energy than an ideal gas, while negative GR indicates a lower Gibbs free energy
(HR) is the difference between the actual enthalpy of a real gas and that of an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure
Measures the additional enthalpy due to intermolecular interactions in a real gas
Positive HR indicates higher enthalpy than an ideal gas, while negative HR indicates lower enthalpy
(SR) represents the difference between the actual entropy of a real gas and that of an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure
Quantifies the entropy change associated with the non-ideality of a gas
Negative SR indicates a lower entropy than an ideal gas, while positive SR indicates a higher entropy (less common)
Departure Functions and Their Applications
express the difference between the actual property value of a real gas and that of an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure
Denoted by the superscript "D" (e.g., GD, HD, SD)
Related to residual properties: GD=GR, HD=HR, SD=SR
Departure functions are useful for estimating the properties of real gases when direct experimental data is unavailable
Can be calculated using equations of state (EOS) or generalized correlations
Example: can be used to calculate departure functions for hydrocarbons and their mixtures
Departure functions find applications in , equipment sizing, and thermodynamic analysis of real gas systems
Example: Calculating the required compressor power for a natural gas pipeline considering the non-ideal behavior of the gas
Fugacity and Compressibility
Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient
Fugacity (f) is a thermodynamic property that represents the effective pressure of a real gas, accounting for its non-ideal behavior
Has units of pressure (e.g., Pa, bar)
For an ideal gas, fugacity equals the actual pressure
For a real gas, fugacity can be higher or lower than the actual pressure, depending on the gas and the conditions
(ϕ) is the ratio of a gas's fugacity to its actual pressure at a given temperature and pressure
Dimensionless quantity
For an ideal gas, ϕ=1
For a real gas, ϕ can be greater than or less than 1, indicating positive or negative deviations from ideal behavior
Fugacity and fugacity coefficient are related by: f=ϕP
P is the actual pressure of the gas
Fugacity coefficient can be calculated using equations of state or experimentally measured
Compressibility Factor and Its Relation to Fugacity
Compressibility factor (Z) is the ratio of the actual volume of a gas to the volume it would occupy if it behaved as an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure
Dimensionless quantity
For an ideal gas, Z=1
For a real gas, Z can be greater than or less than 1, indicating positive or negative deviations from ideal behavior
Compressibility factor is related to the fugacity coefficient by: lnϕ=∫0PPZ−1dP
This relationship allows the calculation of fugacity coefficient from compressibility factor data
Example: Using the virial equation of state to express Z as a function of pressure and calculating ϕ by integration
Compressibility factor is used to characterize the behavior of real gases and to estimate their properties
Can be obtained from experimental data (e.g., PVT measurements) or calculated using equations of state
(e.g., Nelson-Obert charts) provide Z values for various gases as a function of reduced temperature and pressure