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5.2 Rankine Cycle Modifications and Improvements

5 min read•july 30, 2024

Rankine cycle modifications are key to boosting power plant efficiency. By tweaking the basic cycle with reheating, regeneration, and feedwater heating, engineers can squeeze more energy out of the same fuel input. It's all about getting creative with steam flow and heat recovery.

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These upgrades come with trade-offs though. More complex systems mean higher costs and maintenance needs. But the payoff can be huge - less fuel burned, lower emissions, and cheaper electricity in the long run. It's a balancing act between efficiency gains and practical considerations.

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Modifications for Rankine Cycle Efficiency

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Reheating Process

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  • Reheating involves partially expanding the steam in the turbine, then returning it to the boiler for reheating before completing the expansion process in subsequent turbine stages
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  • Increases the average temperature at which heat is added, thus improving cycle efficiency
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  • Examples of reheating applications include coal-fired and combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plants
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Regeneration and Feedwater Heating

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  • Regeneration is the process of extracting steam at various points in the turbine and using it to preheat the feedwater before it enters the boiler
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  • Reduces the amount of heat required from the boiler, increasing cycle efficiency
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  • Feedwater heating is a specific type of regeneration where steam is extracted from the turbine and used to heat the feedwater in separate heat exchangers called feedwater heaters
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- Improves cycle efficiency by raising the average temperature of heat addition
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- Examples of feedwater heaters include closed feedwater heaters and open feedwater heaters (deaerators)
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Advanced Rankine Cycle Designs

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  • Supercritical Rankine cycles operate at pressures above the critical point of the working fluid, eliminating the distinct liquid and vapor phases
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- Allows for higher steam temperatures and improved cycle efficiency
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- Examples of supercritical Rankine cycle applications include advanced coal-fired power plants and nuclear power plants
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  • Cogeneration, or combined heat and power (CHP), involves using the waste heat from the Rankine cycle for other purposes, such as industrial processes or district heating
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- Increases the overall efficiency of the system
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- Examples of cogeneration applications include industrial facilities (paper mills, refineries) and district heating systems
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Impact of Reheating, Regeneration, and Feedwater Heating

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Effects on Cycle Performance

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  • Reheating increases the work output of the turbine by raising the average temperature at which heat is added to the cycle
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- The increased work output leads to higher cycle efficiency
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- Multiple stages of reheating can be employed to further improve efficiency, although with diminishing returns
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  • Regeneration and feedwater heating improve cycle efficiency by reducing the amount of heat required from the boiler
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- This is achieved by preheating the feedwater using steam extracted from the turbine
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- The reduced [heat input](https://www.fiveableKeyTerm:heat_input) from the boiler leads to higher cycle efficiency
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Optimization of Feedwater Heating

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  • The number of feedwater heaters and their placement in the cycle affect the overall improvement in efficiency
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- Generally, more feedwater heaters lead to higher efficiency gains, but with diminishing returns
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- The optimal number and placement of feedwater heaters depend on factors such as the size of the plant, the cost of equipment, and the desired balance between efficiency and complexity
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  • The temperature and pressure at which steam is extracted for regeneration and feedwater heating influence the cycle performance
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- Higher extraction pressures generally lead to greater efficiency improvements
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- The optimal extraction pressures and temperatures depend on the specific cycle design and operating conditions
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Efficiency vs Complexity Trade-offs

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Balancing Efficiency and Cost

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  • Increasing the number of reheating stages, feedwater heaters, or regeneration points generally improves cycle efficiency but also increases the complexity and cost of the system
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  • The optimal configuration depends on factors such as the plant's size, operating conditions, fuel costs, and the desired payback period for the investment in additional equipment
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  • Additional components, such as reheaters, feedwater heaters, and piping, increase the initial capital cost and maintenance requirements of the plant
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Long-term Considerations

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  • The increased efficiency of modified Rankine cycles can lead to reduced fuel consumption and lower operating costs over the plant's lifetime
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- This must be weighed against the higher initial investment and complexity
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- Life cycle cost analysis can be used to evaluate the long-term economic viability of different cycle configurations
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  • Advanced materials and manufacturing techniques can help mitigate the increased cost and complexity of modified Rankine cycles, making them more attractive for implementation
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- Examples include advanced alloys for high-temperature components and modular construction techniques for faster installation and maintenance
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Performance Comparison of Rankine Cycle Configurations

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Thermodynamic Analysis Tools

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  • Temperature-entropy (T-s) diagrams are used to visualize the thermodynamic processes in a Rankine cycle and compare the performance of different configurations
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- The area enclosed by the cycle on a T-s diagram represents the [net work output](https://www.fiveableKeyTerm:net_work_output) of the cycle
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- Larger areas indicate higher work output and, consequently, higher efficiency
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  • Pressure-enthalpy (P-h) diagrams are used to analyze the performance of the working fluid in the cycle, particularly in the presence of phase changes
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- P-h diagrams help identify the optimal pressure levels for reheating and regeneration
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  • Mollier diagrams, which combine enthalpy and entropy axes, are useful for analyzing steam turbine processes and identifying optimal extraction points for regeneration and feedwater heating
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Efficiency Calculations and Comparisons

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  • Cycle efficiency calculations involve determining the net work output of the cycle (turbine work minus pump work) and the heat input from the boiler
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- The ratio of net work output to heat input gives the [thermal efficiency](https://www.fiveableKeyTerm:thermal_efficiency) of the cycle
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- Example: A simple Rankine cycle with a turbine work output of 500 kJ/kg and a heat input of 1000 kJ/kg has a thermal efficiency of 50%
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  • Comparing the efficiency of different Rankine cycle configurations requires consistent assumptions about operating conditions, such as boiler pressure, condenser pressure, and turbine efficiency
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  • Sensitivity analyses can be performed to determine the impact of varying parameters, such as the number of feedwater heaters or the reheating pressure, on cycle performance
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- These analyses help identify the most influential parameters and guide the optimization of the cycle design
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About Us
About FiveableBlogCareersTestimonialsCode of ConductTerms of UsePrivacy PolicyCCPA Privacy Policy
Resources
Cram ModeAP Score CalculatorsStudy GuidesPractice QuizzesGlossaryCrisis Text LineRequest a Feature
© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.
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