Gases are made up of tiny particles zipping around randomly. Kinetic theory explains how these particles behave, creating pressure and temperature. It's like a microscopic game of bumper cars, where molecules bounce off each other and container walls.
The theory links pressure, volume, and temperature through the law. It also shows how molecular speed relates to temperature. Understanding these connections helps us predict gas behavior in various situations, from weather balloons to car tires.
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Postulates of kinetic theory
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Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature | Physics View original
Gas consists of a large number of molecules in constant random motion
Molecules move rapidly in straight lines until they collide with other molecules or container walls ()
Collisions between molecules are perfectly elastic, is conserved during collisions (billiard balls)
Molecules are treated as point masses with negligible volume compared to the container
The volume occupied by the molecules themselves is much smaller than the volume of the container (ping pong balls in a room)
No attractive or repulsive forces exist between molecules, except during collisions
Molecules do not exert any long-range forces on each other, they only interact during brief collisions (people in a large crowd)
The average kinetic energy of molecules is proportional to the absolute temperature
As temperature increases, molecules move faster and have higher average kinetic energy (hot air balloon rising)
Relationships in kinetic theory
Pressure is caused by molecular collisions with the container walls
P=31nmv2, where n is the number density, m is the molecular mass, and v2 is the average of the square of the molecular velocity
More collisions or higher velocity collisions result in higher pressure (tire pressure increasing with temperature)
Ideal gas law: [PV = nRT](https://www.fiveableKeyTerm:pv_=_nRT), where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature
The ideal gas law relates pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas (weather balloon expanding as it rises)
Kinetic energy is directly proportional to absolute temperature
21mv2=23kT, where k is the and T is the absolute temperature
Higher temperature means higher average molecular kinetic energy (faster molecule movement in boiling water vs room temperature water)
Velocity and energy of gas molecules
Root mean square (rms) velocity: vrms=v2=M3RT, where R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and M is the molar mass
RMS velocity is a measure of the average speed of molecules in a gas (speedometer for gas molecules)
Average kinetic energy: KE=21mv2=23kT, where m is the molecular mass, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature
The average kinetic energy of gas molecules depends on temperature and mass (heavier molecules move slower at the same temperature)
Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution
The describes the probability distribution of molecular velocities in an ideal gas at thermal equilibrium
Gives the fraction of molecules with a specific velocity at a given temperature (bell curve of molecular speeds)
The distribution depends on temperature and molecular mass
Higher temperatures result in a broader distribution and higher average velocities (faster molecules in hot gas)
Heavier molecules have a narrower distribution and lower average velocities compared to lighter molecules at the same temperature (oxygen vs hydrogen gas at room temperature)
The most probable velocity (vp), average velocity (v), and root mean square velocity (vrms) can be calculated from the distribution
Most probable velocity: vp=M2RT (peak of the bell curve)
Average velocity: v=πM8RT (average of all molecular speeds)
Root mean square velocity: vrms=M3RT (square root of the average of the squared velocities)