8.3 Simple and Compound Ternary Forms

Ternary form is like a musical sandwich. The bread (A sections) is the same, but the filling (B section) is different. This structure creates a satisfying journey of departure and return, giving listeners a sense of familiarity and contrast.

Simple ternary forms have three distinct sections, while compound ternary forms have internal repeats. Both types use key changes and thematic contrast to create musical interest. The return of the A section brings a satisfying resolution to the piece.

Ternary Form Structure

Basic Components

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• Ternary form consists of three main sections: A, B, and A'
• A section introduces the main theme or themes in the tonic key
• B section presents contrasting material, often in a related key (relative major or minor, dominant, or subdominant)
• A' section recapitulates the main theme from the A section, typically in the tonic key
• Creates a sense of departure and return, with the B section providing contrast and the A' section bringing closure

Symmetry and Balance

• Ternary form exhibits symmetry through its ABA' structure
• A and A' sections are similar or identical, framing the contrasting B section
• Balance is achieved through the return of the main theme in the A' section
• The A' section is often slightly modified (abbreviated, extended, or varied) to provide a sense of conclusion
• Symmetrical structure contributes to the cohesiveness and satisfying resolution of the piece

Types of Ternary Forms

Simple and Compound Ternary

• Simple ternary form (A B A') consists of three distinct sections without significant internal repeats
• Compound ternary form (A B A' B' A'') features internal repeats within each section (e.g., A: ||: a :||: b :|| )
• Compound ternary forms are more complex and extended than simple ternary forms
• Examples of simple ternary: Chopin's Mazurka Op. 7 No. 1, Schumann's "Träumerei" from Kinderszenen
• Examples of compound ternary: Beethoven's Piano Sonata Op. 13 "Pathétique" (2nd movement), Brahms's Intermezzo Op. 118 No. 2

Specific Ternary Forms

• Da capo aria (A B A) is a vocal form used in Baroque operas and cantatas, with the A section repeated in full after the B section
• Minuet and trio (Minuet - Trio - Minuet da capo) is a ternary form commonly used in Baroque suites, Classical symphonies, and string quartets
• Expanded ternary forms include the sonata-rondo (A B A' C A B A') and the seven-part rondo (A B A C A B A), which incorporate additional contrasting sections
• Examples of minuet and trio: Bach's Minuet in G, Mozart's Eine Kleine Nachtmusik (3rd movement)
• Example of sonata-rondo: Beethoven's Piano Sonata Op. 13 "Pathétique" (3rd movement)

Characteristics of Ternary Forms

Tonal Plan

• In simple ternary, the A section is typically in the tonic key, the B section in a related key, and the A' section returns to the tonic
• Compound ternary forms may feature more complex tonal relationships between sections
• The contrasting key of the B section adds harmonic variety and tension
• The return to the tonic key in the A' section provides a sense of resolution and stability
• Modulations and key relationships contribute to the overall structure and emotional arc of the piece

Thematic Contrast

• The B section presents contrasting thematic material, often with a different character, mood, or texture
• Contrast can be achieved through changes in melody, rhythm, harmony, or accompaniment
• The contrasting theme in the B section serves as a departure from the main theme, creating variety and interest
• The return of the main theme in the A' section is often varied or embellished, showcasing the composer's inventiveness
• Thematic contrast and development contribute to the dramatic narrative and emotional impact of the ternary form